The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Design and Construction of a Traveling Wave Electron Linear Accelerator at Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM) Design and Construction of a Traveling Wave Electron Linear Accelerator at Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM) 549 587 1734 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.51253 FA Shahin Sanaye Hajari School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Mahyar Shirshekan School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Hamed Shaker School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Farshad Ghasemi School of physics and Accelerators, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Sasan Ahmadian Namin School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Mitra Ansari School of Radiation Applications,, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Mahdi Bahrami Hooman Sanaat Company Hadi Behnamian School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Saeed Haghtalab School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Khalvati School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Esmat Darvish Roknabadi School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Hosein Delsim Hashemi Desy, Hamburg, Deutchland H Salamati Physics Department, Esfahan University of Technology, Esfahan, IRAN Mohammad Salehi School of physics and Accelerators, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran F Abbasi Davani Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran Samira Kasaei School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Siamak Nazemi Nuclear Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IRAN Seadat Varnasseri ESS Bilbao Spain M Yarmohammadi Satri Physics and Accelerator Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research School (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran M Lamehi Rashti 1. School of Particles and Accelerator, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 05 18 In this paper, the design and construction process of a traveling wave electron linear accelerator is presented briefly. The machine consists of an electron gun followed by a prebuncher, a traveling wave buncher, an accelerating tube and the diagnostics instruments. Solenoid magnets provide the beam focusing. A klystron has been used as the RF power source. The linac components are controlled and monitored by a comprehensive control system. All the sub systems of this accelerator are designed and developed based on the domestic technology. The output beam has a maximum energy of 4.5 MeV. The beam parameters like energy, intensity, transverse size and emittance are measurable and tunable. The IPM Linac is a unique tool for experimental R&D in accelerator and beam physics in Iran. In this paper, the design and construction process of a traveling wave electron linear accelerator is presented briefly. The machine consists of an electron gun followed by a prebuncher, a traveling wave buncher, an accelerating tube and the diagnostics instruments. Solenoid magnets provide the beam focusing. A klystron has been used as the RF power source. The linac components are controlled and monitored by a comprehensive control system. All the sub systems of this accelerator are designed and developed based on the domestic technology. The output beam has a maximum energy of 4.5 MeV. The beam parameters like energy, intensity, transverse size and emittance are measurable and tunable. The IPM Linac is a unique tool for experimental R&D in accelerator and beam physics in Iran.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1734_ab2b41c63853f0a651ba9fbf502b0cd8.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Study of optical properties of Ag ellipsoid nanostructures by discrete dipole approximation method Study of optical properties of Ag ellipsoid nanostructures by discrete dipole approximation method 589 596 1735 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21178 FA SAEED Ranjbar Department of Physics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran 0000-0003-2985-183X Abbas Azarian Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 28 In this paper, we investigate optical properties of silver ellipsoid nanostructures (SENs) by means of discrete dipole approximation (DDA), when these nanoparticles are embedded into the water. Absorption, scattering and extinction cross-sections of the SENs were calculated by change of incident wavelength in visible and near infrared region. Moreover, height, wavelength and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of extinction cross-section peaks (due to plasmon resonances) were studied by change of nanostructure's size and dielectric constant of medium. Our results show that, there are only two peaks of transverse dipole and longitudinal dipole modes in this spectrum. In this paper, we investigate optical properties of silver ellipsoid nanostructures (SENs) by means of discrete dipole approximation (DDA), when these nanoparticles are embedded into the water. Absorption, scattering and extinction cross-sections of the SENs were calculated by change of incident wavelength in visible and near infrared region. Moreover, height, wavelength and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of extinction cross-section peaks (due to plasmon resonances) were studied by change of nanostructure's size and dielectric constant of medium. Our results show that, there are only two peaks of transverse dipole and longitudinal dipole modes in this spectrum.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1735_c4492cbe90fbdbf88a5aec486aa81ed5.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The dynamics of magnetic nanoparticle motion in a straight microvessel The dynamics of magnetic nanoparticle motion in a straight microvessel 597 606 1736 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.11182 FA E Kadivar Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-4923-9624 Z Keshavarz Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2021 01 02 In this study, we investigate the trajectory of magnetic nanoparticle flowing through a microvessel in the presence of cylindrical magnet. By using the equation of motion of particle in the presence of magnetic and fluidic forces, the motion trajectory of magnetic particle in the microvessel is calculated. Our numerical results show that the probability of trapping magnetic particles in the straight microvessel is a function of the intensity of the magnetic field, particle radius, particle magnetization, and diameter of vessel. In this study, we investigate the effect of particle radius, magnet magnetization, particle saturation magnetization and vessel radius on the trajectory of magnetic nanoparticle flowing through the straight vessel. The results show that with increasing particle radius, magnet magnetization, particle saturation magnetization and also with decreasing vessel radius, the probability of trapping a floating particle in the channel increases In this study, we investigate the trajectory of magnetic nanoparticle flowing through a microvessel in the presence of cylindrical magnet. By using the equation of motion of particle in the presence of magnetic and fluidic forces, the motion trajectory of magnetic particle in the microvessel is calculated. Our numerical results show that the probability of trapping magnetic particles in the straight microvessel is a function of the intensity of the magnetic field, particle radius, particle magnetization, and diameter of vessel. In this study, we investigate the effect of particle radius, magnet magnetization, particle saturation magnetization and vessel radius on the trajectory of magnetic nanoparticle flowing through the straight vessel. The results show that with increasing particle radius, magnet magnetization, particle saturation magnetization and also with decreasing vessel radius, the probability of trapping a floating particle in the channel increases

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1736_c0d0e461de8d0024aebcb0a7c68836df.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Random lasing emission from colloidal solutions of graphitic carbon nitride microstructures Random lasing emission from colloidal solutions of graphitic carbon nitride microstructures 607 617 1737 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.91125 FA A Ghasempour Ardakani Department of Physics, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran P Rafieipour Department of Physics, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran S F Nami- Ana Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71456, Iran J Tashkhourian Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71456, Iran Journal Article 2020 09 15 In this paper, we report on random lasing emission from colloidal solutions of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) microstructures. The g-C3N4 microstructures are dispersed in rhodamine B (RhB) dye solution to provide the necessary optical feedback via light multi-scattering events. RhB molecules provide optical gain via stimulated emission process under intense optical pumping. It is experimentally demonstrated that random lasing action occurs in the colloidal solution composed of dye and g-C3N4 microstructures, after a specific threshold. We study the pump dependent behavior of the proposed system. Since only amplified spontaneous emission is achieved from the solution of RhB dye without g-C3N4 microstructures, it is demonstrated that the existence of g-C3N4 microstructures has a key role in the observation of random lasing emission. Finally, we change the concentration of g-C3N4 microstructures and observe that the output intensity increases and the lasing threshold decreases by increasing the concentration of g-C3N4 microstructures. It is then verified that g-C3N4 microstructures can be a good candidate for the scattering medium in random lasers and the essential optical feedback for realizing random lasing emission is provided by light multi-scattering from g-C3N4 microstructures. In this paper, we report on random lasing emission from colloidal solutions of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) microstructures. The g-C3N4 microstructures are dispersed in rhodamine B (RhB) dye solution to provide the necessary optical feedback via light multi-scattering events. RhB molecules provide optical gain via stimulated emission process under intense optical pumping. It is experimentally demonstrated that random lasing action occurs in the colloidal solution composed of dye and g-C3N4 microstructures, after a specific threshold. We study the pump dependent behavior of the proposed system. Since only amplified spontaneous emission is achieved from the solution of RhB dye without g-C3N4 microstructures, it is demonstrated that the existence of g-C3N4 microstructures has a key role in the observation of random lasing emission. Finally, we change the concentration of g-C3N4 microstructures and observe that the output intensity increases and the lasing threshold decreases by increasing the concentration of g-C3N4 microstructures. It is then verified that g-C3N4 microstructures can be a good candidate for the scattering medium in random lasers and the essential optical feedback for realizing random lasing emission is provided by light multi-scattering from g-C3N4 microstructures.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1737_70ece1e1e0931919438fcfc6bd5f199c.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Systematic study of the fusion hindrance phenomenon using the proximity potential approach: signature of the energy-dependent effects of the surface energy coefficient Systematic study of the fusion hindrance phenomenon using the proximity potential approach: signature of the energy-dependent effects of the surface energy coefficient 619 633 1738 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.01135 FA R Gharaei Department of Physics, Sciences Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. 0000-0003-2256-0028 B Azadegan Department of Physics, Sciences Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. A Fuji Department of Physics, Sciences Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. A A Mowlavi Department of Physics, Sciences Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. Journal Article 2020 10 11 In the present study, we have systematically studied the role of surface energy coefficient as well as temperature dependence in the fusion hindrance phenomenon of the heavy-ion reactions using the proximity potential formalism. To this end, we have performed the calculations of the interaction potential using the original proximity potential 1977 (Prox. 77) and the fusion cross sections are calculated based on the coupled-channels (CC) approach. The considered fusion systems are including the heavy-ion reactions 11B+197Au, 12C+198Pt, 16O+208Pb, 28Si + 64Ni, 28Si + 94Mo, 58Ni+58Ni, 32S+89Y,34S+89Y, 12C+204Pb and 36S + 64Ni with conditions of Q <0 and charge product of the participant nuclei 392≤ Z1Z2 ≤784. Our preliminary calculations show the Prox. 77 model predicts the theoretical values of the fusion cross-sections less than the corresponding experimental data especially in the energy regions below the fusion barrier. However, the imposing of the mentioned physical effects increases the calculated values of the fusion cross sections and thus improves their agreement with the experimental cross sections for the selected reactions. In addition, by considering the energy dependence on the surface energy constant γ0 of the proximity formalism at the low energy region we are able to reproduce well the fusion cross sections, the astrophysical factor S(E) as well as the logarithmic derivative L(E) in these regions.‎ In the present study, we have systematically studied the role of surface energy coefficient as well as temperature dependence in the fusion hindrance phenomenon of the heavy-ion reactions using the proximity potential formalism. To this end, we have performed the calculations of the interaction potential using the original proximity potential 1977 (Prox. 77) and the fusion cross sections are calculated based on the coupled-channels (CC) approach. The considered fusion systems are including the heavy-ion reactions 11B+197Au, 12C+198Pt, 16O+208Pb, 28Si + 64Ni, 28Si + 94Mo, 58Ni+58Ni, 32S+89Y,34S+89Y, 12C+204Pb and 36S + 64Ni with conditions of Q <0 and charge product of the participant nuclei 392≤ Z1Z2 ≤784. Our preliminary calculations show the Prox. 77 model predicts the theoretical values of the fusion cross-sections less than the corresponding experimental data especially in the energy regions below the fusion barrier. However, the imposing of the mentioned physical effects increases the calculated values of the fusion cross sections and thus improves their agreement with the experimental cross sections for the selected reactions. In addition, by considering the energy dependence on the surface energy constant γ0 of the proximity formalism at the low energy region we are able to reproduce well the fusion cross sections, the astrophysical factor S(E) as well as the logarithmic derivative L(E) in these regions.‎

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1738_84c6494d30851c63a55cdb8cb047fadd.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Plasma wave electron acceleration in IFEL mechanism with quadruple wiggler and ion channel guiding Plasma wave electron acceleration in IFEL mechanism with quadruple wiggler and ion channel guiding 635 642 1739 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21172 FA A Kargarian Plasma and Nuclear Physics Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran K Hajisharifi Physics Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 19 In this paper, the electron acceleration by plasma wave in IFEL mechanism in the presence of a quadruple magnetic field and ion channel guiding effects has been investigated both analytically and numerically. The results illustrate that the increasing of the quadruple wiggler amplitude and wavelength up to an optimum value has considerable effects on the electron acceleration and its relativistic dynamics in laser ion channel. It was found that in the presence the optimum values of quadruple wiggler amplitude and wavelength, the electron energy gain increases more than 90% than that obtained in the absence of the wiggler. Moreover, the numerical simulations reveal that if the electrons are thrown with higher initial kinetic energy into the wiggler field, they can longer remain in the acceleration phase of the plasma wave and gain more energy from the wave. Therefore, it turns out that, in a laser-plasma accelerator, the electron acceleration and its relativistic dynamics can be tuned by the wiggler field strength, wiggler wavelength, and initial kinetic energy of electrons. The favorable results of studies in this field can be promising for the new generation of the laser-plasma accelerators based on the wiggler structures. In this paper, the electron acceleration by plasma wave in IFEL mechanism in the presence of a quadruple magnetic field and ion channel guiding effects has been investigated both analytically and numerically. The results illustrate that the increasing of the quadruple wiggler amplitude and wavelength up to an optimum value has considerable effects on the electron acceleration and its relativistic dynamics in laser ion channel. It was found that in the presence the optimum values of quadruple wiggler amplitude and wavelength, the electron energy gain increases more than 90% than that obtained in the absence of the wiggler. Moreover, the numerical simulations reveal that if the electrons are thrown with higher initial kinetic energy into the wiggler field, they can longer remain in the acceleration phase of the plasma wave and gain more energy from the wave. Therefore, it turns out that, in a laser-plasma accelerator, the electron acceleration and its relativistic dynamics can be tuned by the wiggler field strength, wiggler wavelength, and initial kinetic energy of electrons. The favorable results of studies in this field can be promising for the new generation of the laser-plasma accelerators based on the wiggler structures.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1739_752d25a1f8dbfb2d656bac3094bfb81c.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Investigation the fully differential cross section of helium atom single ionization by fast protons impact with three and four-body formalism Investigation the fully differential cross section of helium atom single ionization by fast protons impact with three and four-body formalism 643 650 1740 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21206 FA R Fathi Faculty of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 0000-0002-6097-8962 S Amiri Bidvari Faculty of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 0000-0001-9426-0628 Journal Article 2021 02 14 In the present work, the fully differential cross section of atomic helium ionization by protons impact at high energy ranges is calculated. The calculations of the fully differential cross section have been performed by using the three-body formalism in the first order Born-Faddeev approximation with an active electron model and four body formalism with the first Born approximation. In order to investigate the collision dynamics accurately, the first order Born-Faddeev approximation has been performed by using the single parameter and Hartree Fock as single-electron wave functions and in the first order Born approximation, the two-electron wave functions of Hylleraas and Silverman are used with considering the electron correlation. The fully differential cross sections at different ejected electron energies and momentum transfers are compared with the available experiment and theoretical results. The results show that the effects of electronic correlation are considerable at high impact energy range and ionization process.‎ In the present work, the fully differential cross section of atomic helium ionization by protons impact at high energy ranges is calculated. The calculations of the fully differential cross section have been performed by using the three-body formalism in the first order Born-Faddeev approximation with an active electron model and four body formalism with the first Born approximation. In order to investigate the collision dynamics accurately, the first order Born-Faddeev approximation has been performed by using the single parameter and Hartree Fock as single-electron wave functions and in the first order Born approximation, the two-electron wave functions of Hylleraas and Silverman are used with considering the electron correlation. The fully differential cross sections at different ejected electron energies and momentum transfers are compared with the available experiment and theoretical results. The results show that the effects of electronic correlation are considerable at high impact energy range and ionization process.‎

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1740_54f5f4071faca32ad5285fef87b78646.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The asymmetric nuclear matter correlated states in the LOCV framework The asymmetric nuclear matter correlated states in the LOCV framework 651 662 1741 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.31228 FA A Tafrihi Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-2420-9090 Journal Article 2021 03 29 The nucleon-nucleon correlations of asymmetric nuclear matter (ASM) in the 3S1-3D1 and the 3P2-3F2 states with the AV18 and the AV’6 potentials are studied in the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method. In these computations, the tensor (or the spin-orbit) correlations are considered in the 3S1-3D1 (3P2-3F2) state. The energy, as well as the healing distance of the ASM in the mentioned states, are reported. It is demonstrated that by decreasing the proton to neutron ratio, the non-central correlations (healing distances) of the coupled states grow. It is shown that the ASM non-central correlations and energies in the 3P2-3F2 state are more sensitive to the interaction than those of 3S1-3D1 state. The nucleon-nucleon correlations of asymmetric nuclear matter (ASM) in the 3S1-3D1 and the 3P2-3F2 states with the AV18 and the AV’6 potentials are studied in the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method. In these computations, the tensor (or the spin-orbit) correlations are considered in the 3S1-3D1 (3P2-3F2) state. The energy, as well as the healing distance of the ASM in the mentioned states, are reported. It is demonstrated that by decreasing the proton to neutron ratio, the non-central correlations (healing distances) of the coupled states grow. It is shown that the ASM non-central correlations and energies in the 3P2-3F2 state are more sensitive to the interaction than those of 3S1-3D1 state.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1741_b3b43aeeacb258365cc69cdaf42a68af.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Simulation of thermal fragility of vacuum squeezing in two photon lossy cavity Simulation of thermal fragility of vacuum squeezing in two photon lossy cavity 663 675 1742 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.11190 FA M Sadeghi Department of Physics, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran 0000-0002-1971-9600 S Ahmadi Department of Physics, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran Journal Article 2021 01 18 In this research, squeezing fragility due to thermal bath, in quantum squeezed state generation, is simulated. For this purpose, single mode dissipative cavity with non-zero second-order susceptibility is used. Cavity nonlinear medium is driving by laser pump with known frequency, and pairs of identical photons are created, with one-half frequency of driving pump. This process known as degenerate parametric down conversion. In the absence of any dissipation, simulation shows linear time dependent squeezing parameter, which is in agreement with theoretical results. In two photon loss of cavity in contact with cold reservoir, competition between gain and two photon loss, results in stable squeezing of initial vacuum, in steady state of system. At the end, has been shown that, non-zero thermal reservoir, omits the squeezing and leads the final cavity field to the thermal mixture of Fock states. In this research, squeezing fragility due to thermal bath, in quantum squeezed state generation, is simulated. For this purpose, single mode dissipative cavity with non-zero second-order susceptibility is used. Cavity nonlinear medium is driving by laser pump with known frequency, and pairs of identical photons are created, with one-half frequency of driving pump. This process known as degenerate parametric down conversion. In the absence of any dissipation, simulation shows linear time dependent squeezing parameter, which is in agreement with theoretical results. In two photon loss of cavity in contact with cold reservoir, competition between gain and two photon loss, results in stable squeezing of initial vacuum, in steady state of system. At the end, has been shown that, non-zero thermal reservoir, omits the squeezing and leads the final cavity field to the thermal mixture of Fock states.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1742_6e62a992c676f611616097dbea8ea030.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The study of twin phase solitons interaction and switching The study of twin phase solitons interaction and switching 677 688 1743 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.41235 FA R Kheradmand Laser and optics department, Physics faculty, University of Tabriz Iranian Photonics Excellence, University of Tabriz,,Tabriz,. Iran 0000-0001-7117-1921 M M Shafieh Physics Faculty, University of Tabriz, Tabriz Aras International Campus, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Space Thrusters Research Institute, Iranian Space Research Center Tabriz Iran Mohammad Ghahramai Space Thrusters Research Institute, Iranian Space Research CenterT,abriz Iran Franco Prati Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy Journal Article 2021 04 17 Cavity solitons as part of dissipative localized structures have been of great interest. In cavity, there must be the double balance between dispersion phenomenon and nonlinear phenomena and at the same time the cavity losses are made up for by pumping continuous-wave coherent driving which leads to the formation of Spatio-temporal soliton. In previous studies z direction has neglected in the cavity. By taking into account of this direction the new type of solitons named “phase soliton” is introduced. In this paper, we studied the ring cavity in more detail and the intraction of duble phase soliton. We find out, switching ON and OFF process of phase soliton. Also the optimal conditions for switching ON/OFF was determined. Cavity solitons as part of dissipative localized structures have been of great interest. In cavity, there must be the double balance between dispersion phenomenon and nonlinear phenomena and at the same time the cavity losses are made up for by pumping continuous-wave coherent driving which leads to the formation of Spatio-temporal soliton. In previous studies z direction has neglected in the cavity. By taking into account of this direction the new type of solitons named “phase soliton” is introduced. In this paper, we studied the ring cavity in more detail and the intraction of duble phase soliton. We find out, switching ON and OFF process of phase soliton. Also the optimal conditions for switching ON/OFF was determined.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1743_955a1584af63a546588caae4d23840b3.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Interferometry by a transparent wedge Interferometry by a transparent wedge 689 699 1755 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.51249 FA K Samavati Department of Physics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran M Tavassoly Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran H Soleimani Department of Physics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran H Salvdari Department of Physics, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran KH Hassani Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4224-8106 Journal Article 2021 05 11 In this article we show that a single transparent wedge or a plate with a wedge part can be used as a very simple and useful interferometer with numerous applications. This interferometer permits to modulate phase distribution on interference fringes to evaluate quantitatively the parallelism of a light beam and aberration of a wavefront, to specify the spectral line shape in a wide range, to measure the light wavelength and refractive indices of solids and liquids. In addition, it provides suitable beams for holographic study of phase objects and fabrication of diffraction gratings. In this article we show that a single transparent wedge or a plate with a wedge part can be used as a very simple and useful interferometer with numerous applications. This interferometer permits to modulate phase distribution on interference fringes to evaluate quantitatively the parallelism of a light beam and aberration of a wavefront, to specify the spectral line shape in a wide range, to measure the light wavelength and refractive indices of solids and liquids. In addition, it provides suitable beams for holographic study of phase objects and fabrication of diffraction gratings.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1755_d8d31bd778da8bdd536187c36e48892b.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The study of decay with the calculation of its branching ratio The study of decay with the calculation of its branching ratio 701 705 1756 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21181 FA A Abdi Saray Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0001-9797-1994 N Bakhshi Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran B Mohammadi Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 28 In this paper, the decay of the meson into two vector mesons and is investigated.The first observation of the decay was reported in 2017 by LHCb collaboration, they have obtained the value of B () = (5. 01 ± 053 ± 0.27 ± 0.06)×10-4. In this study, the Feynman diagram of decay is drawn based on the standard model. In particular this diagram shows that the decay consists of tree-exchange internal w-emission graph and penguin- suppressed graph. The coefficients of a2, a3, a5 and a7 are calculated in the NLO scale. The branching ratio is calculated using the QCD factorization method, numerical values in the NLO (at mb scale) scheme is 5.33×10-4, for which are in good agreement with the experimental results. The more calculations accuracy increases, the b quark mass scales come down corresponding to that. The best answer close to the experimental value is in NLO scheme at mb scale of QCDF approach.‎ In this paper, the decay of the meson into two vector mesons and is investigated.The first observation of the decay was reported in 2017 by LHCb collaboration, they have obtained the value of B () = (5. 01 ± 053 ± 0.27 ± 0.06)×10-4. In this study, the Feynman diagram of decay is drawn based on the standard model. In particular this diagram shows that the decay consists of tree-exchange internal w-emission graph and penguin- suppressed graph. The coefficients of a2, a3, a5 and a7 are calculated in the NLO scale. The branching ratio is calculated using the QCD factorization method, numerical values in the NLO (at mb scale) scheme is 5.33×10-4, for which are in good agreement with the experimental results. The more calculations accuracy increases, the b quark mass scales come down corresponding to that. The best answer close to the experimental value is in NLO scheme at mb scale of QCDF approach.‎

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1756_cefab442b1728a7c1b49c63f1a55781c.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Acceleration of ions to tens of giga electron-volts in the interaction of two color laser with relativistic thin layer plasma Acceleration of ions to tens of giga electron-volts in the interaction of two color laser with relativistic thin layer plasma 707 714 1746 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.51260 FA M Moshkelgosha University of Qom, Qom, Iran FS Khalili Yazdi University of Qom, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2021 05 27 Recently, the production of high-speed ions has attracted the attention of researchers because of the important applications in fusion and medicine applications. In this study, the production of energetic ions of tens of giga electron-volts in the interaction of a femtosecond laser with a very thin layer of plasma has been investigated using Particle in Cell LIPIC ++ Code. Access to such energetic ions become possible by using a two color laser beam including the first and third harmonics and by means of the proper selection of many effective factors such as the ratio of intensities and relative phases of the two harmonics, material, charge and thickness of the target, angle of the incident pulse , the duration and intensity of the laser pulse, and the density of the plasma. The intensity of the laser is not relatively high in respect to the rate of acceleration, and it can be hoped that the proposed conditions will be appropriate way to produce highly energetic ions with energies greater than 35 GeV. Recently, the production of high-speed ions has attracted the attention of researchers because of the important applications in fusion and medicine applications. In this study, the production of energetic ions of tens of giga electron-volts in the interaction of a femtosecond laser with a very thin layer of plasma has been investigated using Particle in Cell LIPIC ++ Code. Access to such energetic ions become possible by using a two color laser beam including the first and third harmonics and by means of the proper selection of many effective factors such as the ratio of intensities and relative phases of the two harmonics, material, charge and thickness of the target, angle of the incident pulse , the duration and intensity of the laser pulse, and the density of the plasma. The intensity of the laser is not relatively high in respect to the rate of acceleration, and it can be hoped that the proposed conditions will be appropriate way to produce highly energetic ions with energies greater than 35 GeV.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1746_442cde81694ca09a626eeddefd1b74ca.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Cosmology in Rastall theory with non-minimal matter coupling Cosmology in Rastall theory with non-minimal matter coupling 715 724 1747 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.61273 FA SH Shahidi Department of Physics, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran 0000-0002-5198-7437 Journal Article 2021 06 30 In this paper we will consider cosmological implications of the Rastall theory with a non-minimal coupling with baryonic matter fields. In Rastall theory, the matter energy-momentum tensor is not conserved and the non-conservation is related to the curvature. We will generalize this relation to become dependent on both curvature and matter fields. Cosmology of the model shows more matter abundance compared to the model. We will show that the dynamical system of the model is the same as with an additional degree of freedom. In this paper we will consider cosmological implications of the Rastall theory with a non-minimal coupling with baryonic matter fields. In Rastall theory, the matter energy-momentum tensor is not conserved and the non-conservation is related to the curvature. We will generalize this relation to become dependent on both curvature and matter fields. Cosmology of the model shows more matter abundance compared to the model. We will show that the dynamical system of the model is the same as with an additional degree of freedom.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1747_3e15cc11f979ed25912dff5b0669f2cd.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The probable excitation mechanism of kink oscillations of coronal loops The probable excitation mechanism of kink oscillations of coronal loops 725 734 1748 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.11198 FA A Abedini Department of Physics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran A Dehghan Anari Department of Physics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2021 02 06 Oscillations in various structures of the solar atmosphere, such as transverse (kink) oscillations of coronal loops, can be used in seismology. Transvers kink oscillations of coronal loops are often accompanied by solar flares. Despite the intensive study of kink oscillations of coronal loops in recent years, the excitation mechanism of these oscillations are still not known. In this paper, we aim to clarify the excitation mechanisms of transverse oscillations of coronal loops. For this purpose, first 458 oscillation events were identified by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) during its first ten years (2010–2019) with the use of the Helioviewer, JHelioviewer and Heliophysics Events Knowledgebase (HEK). Then, the association of these oscillation events with probable mechanism for exciting the kink oscillations such as flares, lower coronal eruptions and plasma ejections, and coronal mass ejections bursts were listed. Finally, about 138 suitable kink oscillations out of 485 oscillations with high-amplitude, long oscillation period and visible through the naked eye that were accompanied with other probable excitation mechanism of kink oscillations, were selected. This statistical analysis of the transverse oscillation coronal loops showed that that 102 of these 138 oscillation events (74 %) were associated with lower coronal eruptions or plasma ejections. About 38 oscillations out of 138 transverse oscillations (27.5%) were associated with coronal mass ejections/eruption. Also, 65 events (47 %) were associated with flares. The required speed of hypothetical drivers of transverse oscillations were calculated. The magnitude values of calculated speeds for shock wave of flares were found to be lower than 500±100 km/s in 87% of the cases. Also, the magnitude values of speeds for lower coronal mass eruption/ejection were obtained to be lower than 500±125 km/s in 94% of the cases. The magnitude values of these speeds are acceptable for lower coronal mass eruption/ejection. But, such low speeds do not favor the association of the oscillation excitation with a shock wave of flares, as usually assumed. Also, statistical analysis of start time and time difference of hypothetical drivers of transverse oscillations showed that there is no clear correlation between them. The results of this study indicated that shock wave of flares cannot be the main cause of transverse oscillations of coronal loops. So, this analysis shows that the most probable excitation mechanism of the kink oscillations of coronal loops are eruptions or plasma ejections rather than the blast shock waves ignited by flares. ‎ Oscillations in various structures of the solar atmosphere, such as transverse (kink) oscillations of coronal loops, can be used in seismology. Transvers kink oscillations of coronal loops are often accompanied by solar flares. Despite the intensive study of kink oscillations of coronal loops in recent years, the excitation mechanism of these oscillations are still not known. In this paper, we aim to clarify the excitation mechanisms of transverse oscillations of coronal loops. For this purpose, first 458 oscillation events were identified by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) during its first ten years (2010–2019) with the use of the Helioviewer, JHelioviewer and Heliophysics Events Knowledgebase (HEK). Then, the association of these oscillation events with probable mechanism for exciting the kink oscillations such as flares, lower coronal eruptions and plasma ejections, and coronal mass ejections bursts were listed. Finally, about 138 suitable kink oscillations out of 485 oscillations with high-amplitude, long oscillation period and visible through the naked eye that were accompanied with other probable excitation mechanism of kink oscillations, were selected. This statistical analysis of the transverse oscillation coronal loops showed that that 102 of these 138 oscillation events (74 %) were associated with lower coronal eruptions or plasma ejections. About 38 oscillations out of 138 transverse oscillations (27.5%) were associated with coronal mass ejections/eruption. Also, 65 events (47 %) were associated with flares. The required speed of hypothetical drivers of transverse oscillations were calculated. The magnitude values of calculated speeds for shock wave of flares were found to be lower than 500±100 km/s in 87% of the cases. Also, the magnitude values of speeds for lower coronal mass eruption/ejection were obtained to be lower than 500±125 km/s in 94% of the cases. The magnitude values of these speeds are acceptable for lower coronal mass eruption/ejection. But, such low speeds do not favor the association of the oscillation excitation with a shock wave of flares, as usually assumed. Also, statistical analysis of start time and time difference of hypothetical drivers of transverse oscillations showed that there is no clear correlation between them. The results of this study indicated that shock wave of flares cannot be the main cause of transverse oscillations of coronal loops. So, this analysis shows that the most probable excitation mechanism of the kink oscillations of coronal loops are eruptions or plasma ejections rather than the blast shock waves ignited by flares. ‎

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1748_54e36c5ff5f6a1802925ca009f3ebb68.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Dynamics of entanglement generation in a many-body localized system using the local integrals of motion Dynamics of entanglement generation in a many-body localized system using the local integrals of motion 735 747 1749 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.51259 FA M Amini Faculty of Physics, University of Isfahan (UI), Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran M Soltani Faculty of Physics, University of Isfahan (UI), Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran E Ghanbari Adivi Faculty of Physics, University of Isfahan (UI), Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran Z Gholami Faculty of Physics, University of Isfahan (UI), Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran Journal Article 2021 05 26 The study of many-body quantum systems, that fail to thermalize in the presence of disorder, has recently attracted lots of interests. This is due to the appearance of the many-body localized phase and breakdown of eigenstate thermalization hypothesis in such systems which can be described by the local integrals of motion. In this paper, we consider a disordered spin chain in the many-body localized phase and try to study the dynamics of entanglement generation in this system using the local integrals of motion. To this end, we, first, solve the non-interacting system analytically to describe the mechanism of entanglement generation for different kinds of initial states, exactly. Then, we generalize this approach to the interacting system to learn the dynamics of entanglement generation. Finally, we discuss the physical meaning of different behaviors in the dynamics of entanglement generation in the presence and absence of interaction.‎ The study of many-body quantum systems, that fail to thermalize in the presence of disorder, has recently attracted lots of interests. This is due to the appearance of the many-body localized phase and breakdown of eigenstate thermalization hypothesis in such systems which can be described by the local integrals of motion. In this paper, we consider a disordered spin chain in the many-body localized phase and try to study the dynamics of entanglement generation in this system using the local integrals of motion. To this end, we, first, solve the non-interacting system analytically to describe the mechanism of entanglement generation for different kinds of initial states, exactly. Then, we generalize this approach to the interacting system to learn the dynamics of entanglement generation. Finally, we discuss the physical meaning of different behaviors in the dynamics of entanglement generation in the presence and absence of interaction.‎

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1749_fc9b003bb003a298c2ad0d05e4342bdc.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Slow light generation by using one-dimensional photonic crystals for quantum memory applications Slow light generation by using one-dimensional photonic crystals for quantum memory applications 749 758 1750 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.31225 FA A Bananej Photonics and Quantum Technologies Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Tehran. Iran. 0000-0002-0275-8478 R Shiri Photonics and Quantum Technologies Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Tehran. Iran. H Shahrikhabadi Photonics and Quantum Technologies Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Tehran. Iran. T Fathollahi Khalkhali Photonics and Quantum Technologies Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Tehran. Iran. Journal Article 2021 03 14 In this study, an efficient and compact optical device for slowing light in corrugated photonic crystals with different corrugation patterns are discussed. The proposed structure shows relatively large group delay with wide bandwidth and approximately zero group velocity dispersion in near-infrared region. Also, due to the zero group velocity dispersion applied on transmitted pulse, high quality pulse can be obtained by using this approach. For comparison, three different photonic crystal structures containing triangular, sinusoidal and graded sinusoidal corrugation patterns were investigated. The group index as much as 5 with the bandwidth about 50 nm is achieved in the sinusoidal corrugated photonic crystal with 8 μm length. This slow-light structure is very promising for application in quantum memories. In this study, an efficient and compact optical device for slowing light in corrugated photonic crystals with different corrugation patterns are discussed. The proposed structure shows relatively large group delay with wide bandwidth and approximately zero group velocity dispersion in near-infrared region. Also, due to the zero group velocity dispersion applied on transmitted pulse, high quality pulse can be obtained by using this approach. For comparison, three different photonic crystal structures containing triangular, sinusoidal and graded sinusoidal corrugation patterns were investigated. The group index as much as 5 with the bandwidth about 50 nm is achieved in the sinusoidal corrugated photonic crystal with 8 μm length. This slow-light structure is very promising for application in quantum memories.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1750_6a5dfac4be1502501489fc0f5a24b667.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Two-body binding energy calculation using homogeneous and inhomogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equations within three-dimensional approach Two-body binding energy calculation using homogeneous and inhomogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equations within three-dimensional approach 759 764 1751 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.41241 FA F Tahamipour Zarandi Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran M Hassanvand Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 28 Bound state equations are mostly solved in partial-wave truncated basis. In partial-wave method, we need to consider many partial waves to reach the accurate results. In this paper, we avoid partial-wave decompositions and directly work with vector variables to solve homogeneous and inhomogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equations. We study binding energies of deuteron and atomic hydrogen using three-dimensional approach. Bound state equations are mostly solved in partial-wave truncated basis. In partial-wave method, we need to consider many partial waves to reach the accurate results. In this paper, we avoid partial-wave decompositions and directly work with vector variables to solve homogeneous and inhomogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equations. We study binding energies of deuteron and atomic hydrogen using three-dimensional approach.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1751_b3bbccd6c008e727785cb81b1aa08ac5.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The equilibrium configuration of rotating neutron stars ‎ The equilibrium configuration of rotating neutron stars ‎ 765 774 1752 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21011 FA R Riahi Department of Physics, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran S Z Kalantari Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 23 Using the density-dependent equation of states to describe the matter of rotating neutron stars, we construct equilibrium configurations of rotating neutron stars. The interaction between baryons is described by exchanging the scalar and vector mesons in the relativistic mean-field theory. The mesons coupling coefficients are functions of the environmental density. The sequence of equilibrium states is calculated for the four frequencies observed for rotating neutron stars namely, 25, 317, 716, and 1122 Hz. These sequences are constrained by static, Keplerian (mass-shedding sequence), and secular axisymmetric instability sequences. This allows the radius and mass range of the stars will be obtained in each of the models. We can also calculate the parameters of the fastest rotating star described by each model. Using the density-dependent equation of states to describe the matter of rotating neutron stars, we construct equilibrium configurations of rotating neutron stars. The interaction between baryons is described by exchanging the scalar and vector mesons in the relativistic mean-field theory. The mesons coupling coefficients are functions of the environmental density. The sequence of equilibrium states is calculated for the four frequencies observed for rotating neutron stars namely, 25, 317, 716, and 1122 Hz. These sequences are constrained by static, Keplerian (mass-shedding sequence), and secular axisymmetric instability sequences. This allows the radius and mass range of the stars will be obtained in each of the models. We can also calculate the parameters of the fastest rotating star described by each model.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1752_11c484ea9305ea4c7bb6b2e6d570d466.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Potential energy surface, quartic force fields and vibrational levels of chlorine dioxide anion Potential energy surface, quartic force fields and vibrational levels of chlorine dioxide anion 775 782 1757 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.41238 FA A Shayesteh School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6151-7885 E Falatooni School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran M Motallebipour School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 23 Potential energy surface was calculated for the ground electronic state of the triatomic ion ClO2− using the coupled-cluster method CCSD(T). Calculations were carried out for 1200 points on the potential energy surface, and the calculated points were fitted to the potential energy expression in terms of the internal coordinates, from which the quadratic, cubic and quartic force fields were determined. Using the second-order rovibrational perturbation theory, harmonic vibrational frequencies, anharmonicity constants and several other spectroscopic parameters were calculated, and accurate fundamental vibrational frequencies were obtained. Also, the energies of 30 lowest vibrational levels were calculated using the anharmonicity constants. Potential energy surface was calculated for the ground electronic state of the triatomic ion ClO2− using the coupled-cluster method CCSD(T). Calculations were carried out for 1200 points on the potential energy surface, and the calculated points were fitted to the potential energy expression in terms of the internal coordinates, from which the quadratic, cubic and quartic force fields were determined. Using the second-order rovibrational perturbation theory, harmonic vibrational frequencies, anharmonicity constants and several other spectroscopic parameters were calculated, and accurate fundamental vibrational frequencies were obtained. Also, the energies of 30 lowest vibrational levels were calculated using the anharmonicity constants.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1757_d2cdf047a6674cef251d56544a3cf029.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The evaluation of the interaction potential of two non-polar molecules in Green function approach The evaluation of the interaction potential of two non-polar molecules in Green function approach 783 791 1753 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.31033 FA H Falinejad Persian Gulf University, Bushehr S Falahati Persian Gulf University, Bushehr Journal Article 2020 03 27 In this research, by assuming that the vacuum electric field fluctuations can convert a molecule (or an atom) into an oscillating electric dipole, the interaction potential of the two atoms or two non-polar molecules is calculated in terms of the molecular polarizabilities and the distance between them. Considering the net electric field at the position of a molecule as a sum of the vacuum electric field and the electric field due to the induced electric dipole of the other molecule, and substituting in the quadratic stark shift formula, the interaction potential of the two molecules is related to the vacuum electric field correlation function. By writing the interaction potential in terms of the imaginary parts of vector potential Green function tensor components (via the fluctuation- dissipation theorem and Kubo’s formula in statistical mechanics) and computing the required Green function components, the interaction potential between the two molecules is evaluated. The small and large distances limits of the general formula investigated and the consistencies with the previous works are shown.‎ In this research, by assuming that the vacuum electric field fluctuations can convert a molecule (or an atom) into an oscillating electric dipole, the interaction potential of the two atoms or two non-polar molecules is calculated in terms of the molecular polarizabilities and the distance between them. Considering the net electric field at the position of a molecule as a sum of the vacuum electric field and the electric field due to the induced electric dipole of the other molecule, and substituting in the quadratic stark shift formula, the interaction potential of the two molecules is related to the vacuum electric field correlation function. By writing the interaction potential in terms of the imaginary parts of vector potential Green function tensor components (via the fluctuation- dissipation theorem and Kubo’s formula in statistical mechanics) and computing the required Green function components, the interaction potential between the two molecules is evaluated. The small and large distances limits of the general formula investigated and the consistencies with the previous works are shown.‎

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1753_a63fc8c5d915e1f1a40f40e6c7499863.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Electronic structure and electrical conductance properties of two-dimensional arsenin Electronic structure and electrical conductance properties of two-dimensional arsenin 793 809 1758 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.61269 FA I Abdolhosseini Sarsari Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Thecnology, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-5825-0086 F Ferdowsi Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Thecnology, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 06 22 Arsenene is one of the members of a large group of two-dimensional structures that in the present project, we have investigated the single layer structure and its nanoribbons based on density functional theory. In this study, after calculating the single layer band structure, we discussed the effect of width on the band structure of nanoribbon from the angle of quantum limiting phenomenon. The results show the different effect of quantum limiting phenomenon on different points of each band in the band structure, which is the cause of indirect-direct gap transition due to the reduction of the width of armchair nanoribbon. Also, the electrical conductance properties of arsenene single layer have been obtained by calculating the mobility of load carriers and the effect of uniaxial strain of crystalline structure on them has been investigated. In order to investigate the mobility, crystalline structure defects have been neglected and only phonon dispersion is considered based on Takagi relationship. In this process, the focus is not on the quantitative accuracy of the obtained values for the mobility of load carriers and the existing anisotropy between mobility in the two directions of armchair and zigzag has been the focus of the discussion. The results of the calculations show a significant anisotropy of mobility in the two directions of armchair and zigzag and the effect of uniaxial strain of crystal structure on it. Also, a significant difference between the mobility of electrons and holes in the direction of armchair is one of the key results. Arsenene is one of the members of a large group of two-dimensional structures that in the present project, we have investigated the single layer structure and its nanoribbons based on density functional theory. In this study, after calculating the single layer band structure, we discussed the effect of width on the band structure of nanoribbon from the angle of quantum limiting phenomenon. The results show the different effect of quantum limiting phenomenon on different points of each band in the band structure, which is the cause of indirect-direct gap transition due to the reduction of the width of armchair nanoribbon. Also, the electrical conductance properties of arsenene single layer have been obtained by calculating the mobility of load carriers and the effect of uniaxial strain of crystalline structure on them has been investigated. In order to investigate the mobility, crystalline structure defects have been neglected and only phonon dispersion is considered based on Takagi relationship. In this process, the focus is not on the quantitative accuracy of the obtained values for the mobility of load carriers and the existing anisotropy between mobility in the two directions of armchair and zigzag has been the focus of the discussion. The results of the calculations show a significant anisotropy of mobility in the two directions of armchair and zigzag and the effect of uniaxial strain of crystal structure on it. Also, a significant difference between the mobility of electrons and holes in the direction of armchair is one of the key results.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1758_2612aa892d962d6f8056b195ca6e550d.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Time-dependent evolution of magnetic accretion flow with radial viscosity Time-dependent evolution of magnetic accretion flow with radial viscosity 811 820 1759 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.71282 FA M Ghasemnezhad Physics Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Journal Article 2021 07 15 In this study, we have considered time dependent evolution of advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF) in the presence of the toroidal magnetic field and radial viscosity. We have used time-dependent self-similar solutions for solving the 1D MHD equations in the spherical coordinates in the equatorial plane () and we have neglected terms with any θ and φ dependence. While the azimuthal viscosity υ as the turbulence factor in transporting the angular momentum and α-prescription for kinematic coefficient of viscosity is used in the most previous studies, recent studies show the disc structure can also be affected by the radial viscosity υr. In this work, we have assumed that the ratio is a dimensionless parameter 𝜉. We use ξ and β variables as free parameters to consider the effects of magnetic field and radial viscosity. The solutions indicate a transonic point in the accretion flow. This point approaches to outward by increasing the magnetic field and radial viscosity. Also, by adding strength of the magnetic field, the radial-velocity of the disc decreases and the disc compresses. Also, the flow is sub-Keplerian at all radii. The 𝜉 parameter has the same behavior in the inner and intermediate regions of the flow but in the outward of the flow, by adding the 𝜉 parameter, accretion rate increases and hence, it is expected that the disc has a shorter lifetime with radial viscosity. In this study, we have considered time dependent evolution of advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF) in the presence of the toroidal magnetic field and radial viscosity. We have used time-dependent self-similar solutions for solving the 1D MHD equations in the spherical coordinates in the equatorial plane () and we have neglected terms with any θ and φ dependence. While the azimuthal viscosity υ as the turbulence factor in transporting the angular momentum and α-prescription for kinematic coefficient of viscosity is used in the most previous studies, recent studies show the disc structure can also be affected by the radial viscosity υr. In this work, we have assumed that the ratio is a dimensionless parameter 𝜉. We use ξ and β variables as free parameters to consider the effects of magnetic field and radial viscosity. The solutions indicate a transonic point in the accretion flow. This point approaches to outward by increasing the magnetic field and radial viscosity. Also, by adding strength of the magnetic field, the radial-velocity of the disc decreases and the disc compresses. Also, the flow is sub-Keplerian at all radii. The 𝜉 parameter has the same behavior in the inner and intermediate regions of the flow but in the outward of the flow, by adding the 𝜉 parameter, accretion rate increases and hence, it is expected that the disc has a shorter lifetime with radial viscosity.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1759_ba1b3eba322eab5d895aa3023fe78b9c.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 Absorbed dose assessment due to proton and neutron particles in tumoral and healthy tissues of liver in proton-therapy using Monte Carlo method Absorbed dose assessment due to proton and neutron particles in tumoral and healthy tissues of liver in proton-therapy using Monte Carlo method 821 832 1760 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21175 FA S Z Moayedian Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran A Karimian Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-2543-4772 MH Alamatsaz Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 20 Proton therapy is one of the best methods of treatment for liver cancer. In this research, the main parts of proton therapy system, with passive scattering nozzle, including range-modulating wheel, energy-compensated contoured scatterer and collimators were simulated. Then the proton absorbed dose in healthy and tumoral tissues was calculated by simulating the proton therapy of liver tumors. Furthermore the secondary neutron dose, that increases the risk of secondary cancers, was calculated. For this purpose, the neutron equivalent absorbed dose in tumor and healthy tissues were calculated. Furthermore, the MIRD phantom was located in front of the output of the proton therapy system. By simulating the proton therapy for tumor in depth of 11 cm in the liver with mean source energy of 200 MeV, the absorbed dose of proton in tumor estimated as 3.32 × 10-12 Gy/particle that is 7.26 times more than proton dose in healthy parts of liver. This ratio showed that tumor absorbs the maximum dose, while the healthy tissue absorbs the minimum dose. In the next step, the same procedure was done with mean source energy of 180 MeV for tumor in depth of 6 Cm. According to the results, the proton absorbed dose in tumor was 1.94 × 10-12 Gy/particle that is 9 times more than proton absorbed dose in healthy tissue. Also the maximum neutron equivalent absorbed dose in healthy tissue is of the order of 10-14 Sv that can be ignorable in comparison with proton treatment effects of proton therapy. Proton therapy is one of the best methods of treatment for liver cancer. In this research, the main parts of proton therapy system, with passive scattering nozzle, including range-modulating wheel, energy-compensated contoured scatterer and collimators were simulated. Then the proton absorbed dose in healthy and tumoral tissues was calculated by simulating the proton therapy of liver tumors. Furthermore the secondary neutron dose, that increases the risk of secondary cancers, was calculated. For this purpose, the neutron equivalent absorbed dose in tumor and healthy tissues were calculated. Furthermore, the MIRD phantom was located in front of the output of the proton therapy system. By simulating the proton therapy for tumor in depth of 11 cm in the liver with mean source energy of 200 MeV, the absorbed dose of proton in tumor estimated as 3.32 × 10-12 Gy/particle that is 7.26 times more than proton dose in healthy parts of liver. This ratio showed that tumor absorbs the maximum dose, while the healthy tissue absorbs the minimum dose. In the next step, the same procedure was done with mean source energy of 180 MeV for tumor in depth of 6 Cm. According to the results, the proton absorbed dose in tumor was 1.94 × 10-12 Gy/particle that is 9 times more than proton absorbed dose in healthy tissue. Also the maximum neutron equivalent absorbed dose in healthy tissue is of the order of 10-14 Sv that can be ignorable in comparison with proton treatment effects of proton therapy.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1760_e22dd5dabde45eda5a1a67772c8e25dd.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 21 4 2022 02 20 The study of quantum speed limit time in a quantum critical environment The study of quantum speed limit time in a quantum critical environment 833 839 1754 10.47176/ijpr.21.4.21180 FA S Haseli Department of Physics, Faculty of Environment, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 28 Quantum theory sets a bound on the speed of quantum evolution. The shortest time needed for a quantm system to evolve from an initial state to the target state is known as the quantum speed limit time. The study of this time in open and closed quantum systems has been the subject of much work in quantum information theory. Quantum speed limit time is inversely related to the evolution rate of a quantum process. This relation is such that the speed of evolution decreases with increasing quantum speed limit time and vice versa. In this work we study the QSL time for the case in which a qubit interacts with a quantum critical environment. We choose the environment to be an Ising spin chain in a transverse field. It is observed that for the quantum speed limit time has a direct relation with quantum coherence of the initial state of the system. We will also study the effect of perturbation coupling on quantum speed limit time. It is observed that the quantum speed limit time decreases with increasing the coupling parameter. It is also observed that the quantum speed limit time decreases with increasing the number of spin in spin chain. Quantum theory sets a bound on the speed of quantum evolution. The shortest time needed for a quantm system to evolve from an initial state to the target state is known as the quantum speed limit time. The study of this time in open and closed quantum systems has been the subject of much work in quantum information theory. Quantum speed limit time is inversely related to the evolution rate of a quantum process. This relation is such that the speed of evolution decreases with increasing quantum speed limit time and vice versa. In this work we study the QSL time for the case in which a qubit interacts with a quantum critical environment. We choose the environment to be an Ising spin chain in a transverse field. It is observed that for the quantum speed limit time has a direct relation with quantum coherence of the initial state of the system. We will also study the effect of perturbation coupling on quantum speed limit time. It is observed that the quantum speed limit time decreases with increasing the coupling parameter. It is also observed that the quantum speed limit time decreases with increasing the number of spin in spin chain.

https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_1754_231141b34c82aa95e48810a9d1b33a79.pdf