The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Preparation and investigation of the structural properties of SmFeAsO0.7F0.3 compound Preparation and investigation of the structural properties of SmFeAsO0.7F0.3 compound 297 303 3248 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.11194 FA H Shakeripour Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Eleheh Dashtbani Katayouncheh Isfahan university of technology Faezeh Fayazi Isfahan University of Technology Journal Article 2021 01 23 SmFeAsO_0.7F_0.3polycrystalline bulk iron-based compound were prepared by one-step solid state reaction method at low sinter temperature. The aim was: to find the optimum preparing method for the compound and then to study its structural properties. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the samples was analyzed using MAUD software. XRD measurements were used to characterize the crystal structure, phase purity, lattice parameters, ‎unit cell volume and bonding angles and intervals of the samples. The results were compared with JCPDS reference pattern and the reports in the literatures, to ensure the accuracy of the synthesis. The XRD analyses revealed an increase in the phase purity above 80%, by lowering the sinter temperature down to 900 ºC. Also, the samples have a tetragonal crystal structure with P4/nmm symmetry, at room temperature. The SEM images show the samples are almost homogeneous with some porosity. The porosity decrease and the grain size grow by decreasing the sinter temperature. These results show the preparation of good quality samples at low temperature of 900 ºC compared to 1200 ºC which usually is used for preparation of this family of compound. SmFeAsO_0.7F_0.3polycrystalline bulk iron-based compound were prepared by one-step solid state reaction method at low sinter temperature. The aim was: to find the optimum preparing method for the compound and then to study its structural properties. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the samples was analyzed using MAUD software. XRD measurements were used to characterize the crystal structure, phase purity, lattice parameters, ‎unit cell volume and bonding angles and intervals of the samples. The results were compared with JCPDS reference pattern and the reports in the literatures, to ensure the accuracy of the synthesis. The XRD analyses revealed an increase in the phase purity above 80%, by lowering the sinter temperature down to 900 ºC. Also, the samples have a tetragonal crystal structure with P4/nmm symmetry, at room temperature. The SEM images show the samples are almost homogeneous with some porosity. The porosity decrease and the grain size grow by decreasing the sinter temperature. These results show the preparation of good quality samples at low temperature of 900 ºC compared to 1200 ºC which usually is used for preparation of this family of compound. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3248_c57abe86de4e516e12dfa386053fbfe2.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Ab initio study of electronic and thermoelectric properties of a new B2CO monolayer Ab initio study of electronic and thermoelectric properties of a new B2CO monolayer 305 313 3249 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.51243 FA Mojtaba Ashhadi Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 0000-0003-3135-3311 Davoud Vahedi Fakhrabad Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran 0000-0002-6850-1157 Journal Article 2021 05 03 In this work, we present the thermoelectric properties of a novel two-dimensional (2D) B2CO monolayer obtained using first principles calculations. We investigated the electronic band structure and density of states based on density functional theory and using the QUANTUM ESPRESSO computational package. Thermoelectric properties were calculated using the semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation in relaxation time approximation and within Boltztrap computational package. These electrical transport properties include the electrical conductivity coefficients (sigma), thermal conductivity (κ_e), the Seebeck coefficient (<em>S</em>) and dimensionless figure of merit (<em>ZT</em>), which are suitable for designing thermoelectric devices. According to our results, two-dimensional (2D) B₂CO monolayer indicates an indirect band gap semiconductor with value of 1.68 eV. The numerical results show almost isotropic transport properties for the 2D B₂CO monolayer. In particular, the thermoelectric study shows a good thermoelectric performance of the 2D B₂CO monolayer with high figure of merit, so that, the nanostructure of B₂CO is an n-type semiconductor and Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit at room temperature were obtained as -2595 µV/K and 1, respectively. In this work, we present the thermoelectric properties of a novel two-dimensional (2D) B2CO monolayer obtained using first principles calculations. We investigated the electronic band structure and density of states based on density functional theory and using the QUANTUM ESPRESSO computational package. Thermoelectric properties were calculated using the semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation in relaxation time approximation and within Boltztrap computational package. These electrical transport properties include the electrical conductivity coefficients (sigma), thermal conductivity (κ_e), the Seebeck coefficient (<em>S</em>) and dimensionless figure of merit (<em>ZT</em>), which are suitable for designing thermoelectric devices. According to our results, two-dimensional (2D) B₂CO monolayer indicates an indirect band gap semiconductor with value of 1.68 eV. The numerical results show almost isotropic transport properties for the 2D B₂CO monolayer. In particular, the thermoelectric study shows a good thermoelectric performance of the 2D B₂CO monolayer with high figure of merit, so that, the nanostructure of B₂CO is an n-type semiconductor and Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit at room temperature were obtained as -2595 µV/K and 1, respectively. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3249_0613239e122094abb4ef998c01d16958.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Comparison of the thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation in the computing alchemical free energy difference Comparison of the thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation in the computing alchemical free energy difference 315 325 3250 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.81299 FA Najla Hosseini PhD student at Sharif University of Technology Mohammad Reza Ejtehadi Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology 0000-0002-0515-0695 Journal Article 2021 08 09 On an atomistic scale, free energy calculations are important for our understanding of biological processes, which provides an insight to grasp the various mechanisms. Over the years, many computational methods have been developed to calculate free energy differences such as geometrical (<em>e.g</em>. umbrella sampling) and alchemical methods. In this work, we present alchemical-free energy methods, thermodynamic integration (TI) and free energy perturbation (FEP), to investigate polarization effect of paclitaxel drug. Then, we have compared our simulation studies using TI, FEP, and Hamiltonian replica exchange FEP from the perspective of computational cost and accuracy. On an atomistic scale, free energy calculations are important for our understanding of biological processes, which provides an insight to grasp the various mechanisms. Over the years, many computational methods have been developed to calculate free energy differences such as geometrical (<em>e.g</em>. umbrella sampling) and alchemical methods. In this work, we present alchemical-free energy methods, thermodynamic integration (TI) and free energy perturbation (FEP), to investigate polarization effect of paclitaxel drug. Then, we have compared our simulation studies using TI, FEP, and Hamiltonian replica exchange FEP from the perspective of computational cost and accuracy. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3250_326fb04c3abf030fe3f4e341f39b573f.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Analytical solution of the evolution equations of the parton distribution functions in the small-x region through the Kramers-Moyal expansion of the master equation of Markov processes Analytical solution of the evolution equations of the parton distribution functions in the small-x region through the Kramers-Moyal expansion of the master equation of Markov processes 327 338 3251 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.81308 FA Naeimeh Olanj Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 0000-0003-3810-3665 Journal Article 2021 08 30 Recently, we generated the evolution equations of the parton distribution functions (PDF) usually used in the hadrons phenomenology using the stochastic modeling of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in the momentum space. The evolution equations obtained from stochastic modeling are the same as the Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equations, but are obtained by a more simplistic mathematical procedure based on the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of Markov processes. In this paper, we analytically solve the parton evolution equation for the non-singlet quark distribution function in the small-x (the longitudinal momentum fraction) region through the Kramers-Moyal expansion of the master equation. Finally, we compare the cutoff dependent non-singlet quark distribution function obtained from the analytical solution by considering the strong ordering and the angular ordering constraints with the ordinary non-singlet quark distribution function produced by the MMHT2014 group. In general, we show that our results at the small x and moderate Q²(the energy scale) are in good agreement with the results of the MMHT2014 group. Recently, we generated the evolution equations of the parton distribution functions (PDF) usually used in the hadrons phenomenology using the stochastic modeling of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in the momentum space. The evolution equations obtained from stochastic modeling are the same as the Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equations, but are obtained by a more simplistic mathematical procedure based on the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of Markov processes. In this paper, we analytically solve the parton evolution equation for the non-singlet quark distribution function in the small-x (the longitudinal momentum fraction) region through the Kramers-Moyal expansion of the master equation. Finally, we compare the cutoff dependent non-singlet quark distribution function obtained from the analytical solution by considering the strong ordering and the angular ordering constraints with the ordinary non-singlet quark distribution function produced by the MMHT2014 group. In general, we show that our results at the small x and moderate Q²(the energy scale) are in good agreement with the results of the MMHT2014 group. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3251_504c296f8eb5fd521e744da4e8371f28.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Quantum mechanics solvable systems with position-dependent effective mass Quantum mechanics solvable systems with position-dependent effective mass 339 352 3252 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.81297 FA Zahra Bakhshi Physics Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Bakhshi Physics Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran Journal Article 2021 08 07 Considering the position-dependent effective mass in the study of quantum mechanical systems, a wide range of solvable potentials has been obtained. These potentials are obtained by applying canonical transformations to the Schrödinger equation. In this method, the internal functions introduced by Levai for solvable potentials with constant mass have been used, and the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues have been fully obtained. The eigenfunction of these solvable potentials can be obtained based on specific known functions (Jacobian, generalized Laguerre, and Hermit polynomials). Some of these potentials are Scarf-II, Pöschl-Teller, Rosen-Mörse-II and Eckart, whose applications have been described in physical systems. Finally, all the results are placed in a table and the figures of the desired functions is drawn for specific values Considering the position-dependent effective mass in the study of quantum mechanical systems, a wide range of solvable potentials has been obtained. These potentials are obtained by applying canonical transformations to the Schrödinger equation. In this method, the internal functions introduced by Levai for solvable potentials with constant mass have been used, and the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues have been fully obtained. The eigenfunction of these solvable potentials can be obtained based on specific known functions (Jacobian, generalized Laguerre, and Hermit polynomials). Some of these potentials are Scarf-II, Pöschl-Teller, Rosen-Mörse-II and Eckart, whose applications have been described in physical systems. Finally, all the results are placed in a table and the figures of the desired functions is drawn for specific values https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3252_1e3b21cb226c39b6aa4634f820b372f3.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Enhancement of specific surface area of CoFe2O4 powders synthesized by KCl-assisted solution combustion: effect of KCl content and initial pH Enhancement of specific surface area of CoFe2O4 powders synthesized by KCl-assisted solution combustion: effect of KCl content and initial pH 353 371 3253 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.61266 FA Saedeh Omidi Department of Physics, Faculty of Sience, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Abdol Mahmood DAVARPANAH Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Sistan and Baluchestan 0000-0002-8695-6323 Ahmad Reza Abbasian Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 0000-0002-8560-289X Journal Article 2021 06 07 In the present study, the potassium chloride-assisted solution combustion method was used to synthesize cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Potassium chloride salt was used as a specific surface enhancer and nitric acid was used as an auxiliary oxidizer and pH regulator. The simultaneous effect of the initial pH of the solution and the amount of added potassium chloride salt on the specific surface area, structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of synthetic powders were studied. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature and Brunnauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method were used for those purposes. The results showed that the initial pH and the amount of potassium chloride salt had an interaction effect on the specific surface area of cobalt ferrite powders. Under optimal conditions, cobalt ferrite powders with high specific surface area of 87.77 m²g^-1 were successfully synthesized. Synthetic powders had mesoporous microstructure and hard magnetic behavior. In the present study, the potassium chloride-assisted solution combustion method was used to synthesize cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Potassium chloride salt was used as a specific surface enhancer and nitric acid was used as an auxiliary oxidizer and pH regulator. The simultaneous effect of the initial pH of the solution and the amount of added potassium chloride salt on the specific surface area, structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of synthetic powders were studied. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature and Brunnauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method were used for those purposes. The results showed that the initial pH and the amount of potassium chloride salt had an interaction effect on the specific surface area of cobalt ferrite powders. Under optimal conditions, cobalt ferrite powders with high specific surface area of 87.77 m²g^-1 were successfully synthesized. Synthetic powders had mesoporous microstructure and hard magnetic behavior. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3253_4ad13f04ef4373992c9d3046200aa350.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Phase diagram of the Heisenberg model: machine learning method ‎ Phase diagram of the Heisenberg model: machine learning method ‎ 373 385 3254 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.01344 FA Mohammad-Hossein Zare Qom University of Technology 0000-0002-4670-7250 Abdolreza Rasouli Kenari Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom 37181-46645, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 31 Machine learning, as one of the most powerful tools, has provided an unprecedented perspective on the study of classifying different phases and phase transitions between them in condensed matter physics. Here, we employed unsupervised machine learning algorithms to investigate magnetic ground states for systems of spontaneous symmetry breaking below the Curie temperature. In this study, we investigate the classical phase diagram of the Heisenberg model on square and honeycomb lattices using the deep machine learning algorithm. In the classical treatment, our findings show a good agreement with the classical phase of the Heisenberg model obtained by means of other conventional methods. Machine learning, as one of the most powerful tools, has provided an unprecedented perspective on the study of classifying different phases and phase transitions between them in condensed matter physics. Here, we employed unsupervised machine learning algorithms to investigate magnetic ground states for systems of spontaneous symmetry breaking below the Curie temperature. In this study, we investigate the classical phase diagram of the Heisenberg model on square and honeycomb lattices using the deep machine learning algorithm. In the classical treatment, our findings show a good agreement with the classical phase of the Heisenberg model obtained by means of other conventional methods. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3254_8deb8d1dd92840f975b6931ab3a3c61e.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Synthesis and characterization of porous BiVO4 thin films: the effect of structural defects on photoelectrochemical properties Synthesis and characterization of porous BiVO4 thin films: the effect of structural defects on photoelectrochemical properties 387 402 3255 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.91321 FA Abolfazl Rasuli Ardalani Physics department, Sharif university of technology, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Zirak department of Physics, faculty of science, Hakim Sabzevari University 0000-0002-7552-4349 Maziyar Kazemi Department of Physics, Faculty of science, Hakim Sabzevari University, P. O. Box 961797648, Sabzevar, Islamic Republic of Iran A Z Moshfegh Faculty member/ Physics Dept. Sharif University of Technology 0000-0002-8770-1410 Journal Article 2021 09 22 BiVO₄ thin films with thickness of ~ 1.3 μm were deposited on ITO substrate via pulsed-spray pyrolysis deposition. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that BiVO₄layers have been crystallized in tetragonal scheelite phase with average crystallite size of ~ 16 nm. According to UV-visible absorption spectra, a band gap energy of ~2.47 eV was determined for the synthesized layers. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that a porous BiVO₄ structure with average pore diameter of ~ 162 nm and worm-like fine particle diameter of ~ 208 nm has been synthesized. Oxygen vacancies have been induced into the layers via an electrochemical reduction treatment (ET). This employed process increased the surface-related capacitance by about 6 times. A double charge transport resistance and half capacitance for Helmholtz layer was determined after ET, indicating electron transfer from space charge layer to Helmholtz layer upon ET. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was found that effective charge carrier life time inside the BiVO₄ thin films increased to ~25 ms which is 2-fold longer than the time before electrochemical reduction treatment. BiVO₄ thin films with thickness of ~ 1.3 μm were deposited on ITO substrate via pulsed-spray pyrolysis deposition. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that BiVO₄layers have been crystallized in tetragonal scheelite phase with average crystallite size of ~ 16 nm. According to UV-visible absorption spectra, a band gap energy of ~2.47 eV was determined for the synthesized layers. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that a porous BiVO₄ structure with average pore diameter of ~ 162 nm and worm-like fine particle diameter of ~ 208 nm has been synthesized. Oxygen vacancies have been induced into the layers via an electrochemical reduction treatment (ET). This employed process increased the surface-related capacitance by about 6 times. A double charge transport resistance and half capacitance for Helmholtz layer was determined after ET, indicating electron transfer from space charge layer to Helmholtz layer upon ET. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was found that effective charge carrier life time inside the BiVO₄ thin films increased to ~25 ms which is 2-fold longer than the time before electrochemical reduction treatment. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3255_2067e2650cd701ae71c68080f9dbbdc1.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Plasmonic fiber optic biosensors with barium titanate and titanium dioxide thin films Plasmonic fiber optic biosensors with barium titanate and titanium dioxide thin films 403 416 3256 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.91317 FA Mohammad Kouhi Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0003-0934-251X Shahab Ahmed Abdulqadir Shateri Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Ali Vahedi 1Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-7210-1052 Journal Article 2021 09 20 In this paper, two structures of surface plasmon resonance fiber optic biosensors with the addition of a thin layer of titanium dioxide and barium titanate are introduced and studied comparatively. The sensitivity of these biosensors has been calculated using the transfer matrix method. Adding a thin layer of barium titanate and titanium dioxide after the gold layer, both make increase the sensitivity of the biosensor due to the transfer of free charge between the gold and the dielectric. The obtained results of the comparative study show that the titanium dioxide layer can be a suitable alternative to barium titanate for further increase of the sensitivity of the fiber optic surface plasmon resonance biosensor. In this paper, two structures of surface plasmon resonance fiber optic biosensors with the addition of a thin layer of titanium dioxide and barium titanate are introduced and studied comparatively. The sensitivity of these biosensors has been calculated using the transfer matrix method. Adding a thin layer of barium titanate and titanium dioxide after the gold layer, both make increase the sensitivity of the biosensor due to the transfer of free charge between the gold and the dielectric. The obtained results of the comparative study show that the titanium dioxide layer can be a suitable alternative to barium titanate for further increase of the sensitivity of the fiber optic surface plasmon resonance biosensor. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3256_2131f8ecf18db66a758f718dc729e00e.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Filamentation instability fluctuations of proton fast ignitor due to temperature anisotropy in pre-compressed fuel Filamentation instability fluctuations of proton fast ignitor due to temperature anisotropy in pre-compressed fuel 417 430 3257 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.51254 FA Sam Yaghoubi Physics department, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Abbas Ghasemizad University of Guilan 0000-0001-6452-6309 S Khoshbinfar 1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Iran 0000-0002-6601-5569 Journal Article 2021 05 22 Filamentation instability is an electromagnetic wave that grows normal to the proton-driven direction in fast ignition scenario that can reduce beam quality or dissipate it due to pinching force before this beam reaches the dense core. On the other hand, producing an isotropic pre-compressed fuel is almost impossible in this process. Therefore, Weibel instability may cumulate with filamentation instability. Consequently, the instability growth rate can increase or decrease. In this study, first, the growth rate of this instability is obtained due to variations of beam density and energy in the cold model. Then the dispersion equation of this system is derived with saddle-point approximation of Maxwell-Jüttner distribution and Vlasov equation. Numerical results show that if the parallel temperature (T_∥) is selected more than the perpendicular temperature (T_⊥) of the background (positive anisotropy), the cumulative effect can increase the instability growth rate compared to isotropic fuel. In addition, instability decreases in negative anisotropy. For instance, if medium temperature anisotropy is selected 50%, the growth rate increases 2.59 times relative to the isotropic state for a proton beam with a density ratio of 0.1. Also, the growth rate can be reduced by half in -50% anisotropy for this medium. Furthermore, fluctuations in the growth rate due to temperature anisotropy are severe for dilute beams. However, this instability may quench for density ratios less than 0.1  Filamentation instability is an electromagnetic wave that grows normal to the proton-driven direction in fast ignition scenario that can reduce beam quality or dissipate it due to pinching force before this beam reaches the dense core. On the other hand, producing an isotropic pre-compressed fuel is almost impossible in this process. Therefore, Weibel instability may cumulate with filamentation instability. Consequently, the instability growth rate can increase or decrease. In this study, first, the growth rate of this instability is obtained due to variations of beam density and energy in the cold model. Then the dispersion equation of this system is derived with saddle-point approximation of Maxwell-Jüttner distribution and Vlasov equation. Numerical results show that if the parallel temperature (T_∥) is selected more than the perpendicular temperature (T_⊥) of the background (positive anisotropy), the cumulative effect can increase the instability growth rate compared to isotropic fuel. In addition, instability decreases in negative anisotropy. For instance, if medium temperature anisotropy is selected 50%, the growth rate increases 2.59 times relative to the isotropic state for a proton beam with a density ratio of 0.1. Also, the growth rate can be reduced by half in -50% anisotropy for this medium. Furthermore, fluctuations in the growth rate due to temperature anisotropy are severe for dilute beams. However, this instability may quench for density ratios less than 0.1  https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3257_4ea83d951990d8bf07a68ec3e50f9156.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Interaction of a magnetic sphere with a microwave cavity in the strong coupling regime Interaction of a magnetic sphere with a microwave cavity in the strong coupling regime 431 440 3258 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.21379 FA Navid Sanayei Department of Physics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Babak Zare Department of Physics/ Iran University of Science and Technology Mohammad Vahedi Department of Physics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 12 14 We study the interaction of a microwave cavity with a magnetic sphere. We show that achieving the strong coupling regime in this hybrid system is feasible. The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling rate is proportional to the square root of the volume of the magnet and also is mode dependent and decreases with increasing the mode index. Since the dielectric constant of the magnetic sphere differs from that of the medium, it can act as a spherical cavity, and coupling between its eigenmodes and the electric field of the microwave cavity also occurs. The reflection spectrum includes more than one anti-crossing for relatively larger magnetic spheres We study the interaction of a microwave cavity with a magnetic sphere. We show that achieving the strong coupling regime in this hybrid system is feasible. The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling rate is proportional to the square root of the volume of the magnet and also is mode dependent and decreases with increasing the mode index. Since the dielectric constant of the magnetic sphere differs from that of the medium, it can act as a spherical cavity, and coupling between its eigenmodes and the electric field of the microwave cavity also occurs. The reflection spectrum includes more than one anti-crossing for relatively larger magnetic spheres https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3258_485843481a7edacbfce101ecb1e4d2a8.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Optimization of energy consumption in the building of department of physics, university of Tehran Optimization of energy consumption in the building of department of physics, university of Tehran 441 456 3259 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.11350 FA Wahidullah Enayat Department of Education, Samangan University, Afghanistan Mohammadreza Mohammadi Zadeh Physics department University of Tehran 0000-0002-3898-2308 Massoud Mahjour Shafeie Department of Physics, University of Tehran Journal Article 2021 11 14 The purpose of this study is to reduce the temperature of the attic of the building of department of physics in university of Tehran. To achieve this goal, eighteen natural ventilators with the area of 0.25 m2 each were installed on the roof. The natural ventilators alone did not decrease the temperature significantly. To help natural ventilation, a laminar flow of air from the floors to the attic was provided. This led to a temperature decrease around 1.5 to 2^o C. In addition, a powered ventilation was resulted 3 to 8^o C temperature decrease. Since the volume (4533 m3) and area (1416 m2) of the attic are too large, further tests were conducted on two small models (47×33×51 cm3) of the attic, build from the same material as the main attic. The models were used to investigate the effect of covering the roof with aluminum foil and painting the roof with a withe color as a reflector, and installation of polystyrene panels under the roof as an insulator. Covering with aluminum foil, painting in withe, and installation of polystyrene resulted in 3-5, 2-3.5, and 1-2 degrees decrease in temperature, respectively. Reason of these changes was explained by reflection spectrum of UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry. Finally, the attic was simulated by the COMSOL Multiphysics software. It showed that a temperature reduction of 10 degrees could be accomplished by installation of six fans as inlet in the gables, three in each gable. Each fan has to generate 4 m/sec air flow velocity. The purpose of this study is to reduce the temperature of the attic of the building of department of physics in university of Tehran. To achieve this goal, eighteen natural ventilators with the area of 0.25 m2 each were installed on the roof. The natural ventilators alone did not decrease the temperature significantly. To help natural ventilation, a laminar flow of air from the floors to the attic was provided. This led to a temperature decrease around 1.5 to 2^o C. In addition, a powered ventilation was resulted 3 to 8^o C temperature decrease. Since the volume (4533 m3) and area (1416 m2) of the attic are too large, further tests were conducted on two small models (47×33×51 cm3) of the attic, build from the same material as the main attic. The models were used to investigate the effect of covering the roof with aluminum foil and painting the roof with a withe color as a reflector, and installation of polystyrene panels under the roof as an insulator. Covering with aluminum foil, painting in withe, and installation of polystyrene resulted in 3-5, 2-3.5, and 1-2 degrees decrease in temperature, respectively. Reason of these changes was explained by reflection spectrum of UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry. Finally, the attic was simulated by the COMSOL Multiphysics software. It showed that a temperature reduction of 10 degrees could be accomplished by installation of six fans as inlet in the gables, three in each gable. Each fan has to generate 4 m/sec air flow velocity. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3259_a87d27f712df362cd22c7a8ef823e987.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Sensors which can be used for remote quantum estimation Sensors which can be used for remote quantum estimation 457 469 3260 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.11402 FA Hossein Rangani Jahromi Professor (Assistant) Department of Physics Jahrom University 0000-0001-7208-2437 Seyed Mohammad Hosseiny Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University,, Urmia, Iran Mahdi Amniat-Talab Department of Physics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 22 Quantum sensors have a significant advantage over their classic counterparts, and hence their practical application is of particular importance. However, in many practical scenarios, it is not possible to measure or estimate at close distances and endangers the security of the process. In this paper, with the help and inspiration of the quantum teleportation process, we propose the design of a sensor remotely estimating the parameter encoded into the quantum state of a quantum system. We show how the control over classical and quantum noises, affecting the sensor, can enhance the estimation. Moreover, the practical implementation of this project is discussed in detail. Quantum sensors have a significant advantage over their classic counterparts, and hence their practical application is of particular importance. However, in many practical scenarios, it is not possible to measure or estimate at close distances and endangers the security of the process. In this paper, with the help and inspiration of the quantum teleportation process, we propose the design of a sensor remotely estimating the parameter encoded into the quantum state of a quantum system. We show how the control over classical and quantum noises, affecting the sensor, can enhance the estimation. Moreover, the practical implementation of this project is discussed in detail. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3260_d54ce9de9df77c579775a7b6b1a4bdc0.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Investigation of the statistical fluctuations of the electric quadrupole transition rates of spherical nuclei by kernel density estimation method‎ Investigation of the statistical fluctuations of the electric quadrupole transition rates of spherical nuclei by kernel density estimation method‎ 471 480 3261 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.91324 FA Asgar Hosseinnezhad Department of nuclear physics, faculty of physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-3977-3962 Amir Jalili Majarashin Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China Pan Feng Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China Masoud Seidi Department of Physics, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Hadi Sabri Department of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2021 09 28 In this study, the statistical correlation of the electric quadrupole transition probabilities in the spherical nuclei is investigated. To this aim, the spherical even-even nuclei in the 100 < A < 126 mass region are selected and the electric quadrupole transition rates of different levels in the ground band are determined by the interacting boson model in the U(5) dynamical limit. A non-parametric kernel density estimation method is used in the framework of nearest neighbor spacing distribution of random matrix theory to consider the statistical correlation of these quadrupole transition rates. Also, the Kullback-Leibler divergence is used to describe the regular or chaotic behavior of the considered sequences. The results show the correlation of the electric quadrupole transition probabilities between different levels of the ground band. Also, the correlation increased for such transitions that the angular momentum of the initial state of quadrupole transitions increased. In this study, the statistical correlation of the electric quadrupole transition probabilities in the spherical nuclei is investigated. To this aim, the spherical even-even nuclei in the 100 < A < 126 mass region are selected and the electric quadrupole transition rates of different levels in the ground band are determined by the interacting boson model in the U(5) dynamical limit. A non-parametric kernel density estimation method is used in the framework of nearest neighbor spacing distribution of random matrix theory to consider the statistical correlation of these quadrupole transition rates. Also, the Kullback-Leibler divergence is used to describe the regular or chaotic behavior of the considered sequences. The results show the correlation of the electric quadrupole transition probabilities between different levels of the ground band. Also, the correlation increased for such transitions that the angular momentum of the initial state of quadrupole transitions increased. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3261_95177e528f8d6c7c28a5473fd5a471b6.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Investigating the effect of galaxy mergers on star-formation rates using spatially resolved stellar mass maps Investigating the effect of galaxy mergers on star-formation rates using spatially resolved stellar mass maps 481 489 3263 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.21415 FA Moein Mosleh Department of Physics, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-4111-2266 Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini-ShahiSavandi Department of Physics, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0003-3449-2288 Journal Article 2022 02 14 The spatially resolved stellar mass maps of high-redshift (z<2) galaxies are used to separate merging and non-merging galaxies. For this purpose, we used the combination of non-parametric indices such as asymmetry (A), Gini and M₂₀ coefficients. Classification based on the stellar mass maps reduces the effect of large star-forming clumps and hence increases the robustness of the sample selection method. We compared the relative fraction of merging systems with log(M) > 10.5 solar mass, with respect to the star-forming galaxies above and below the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) at different redshift ranges. We found that the fraction of mergers above and below the SFMS at each redshift is comparable. The results show that mergers have small effects on the star-formation rates and the distribution of the merging galaxies about the SFMS. The spatially resolved stellar mass maps of high-redshift (z<2) galaxies are used to separate merging and non-merging galaxies. For this purpose, we used the combination of non-parametric indices such as asymmetry (A), Gini and M₂₀ coefficients. Classification based on the stellar mass maps reduces the effect of large star-forming clumps and hence increases the robustness of the sample selection method. We compared the relative fraction of merging systems with log(M) > 10.5 solar mass, with respect to the star-forming galaxies above and below the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) at different redshift ranges. We found that the fraction of mergers above and below the SFMS at each redshift is comparable. The results show that mergers have small effects on the star-formation rates and the distribution of the merging galaxies about the SFMS. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3263_f8037f94e53f17a2cc301033ca86d278.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Strong cosmic censorship conjecture at the dust black hole collapse Strong cosmic censorship conjecture at the dust black hole collapse 491 496 3264 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.51262 FA Javad Taghizadeh Firouzjaee K. N. Toosi University of Technology 0000-0003-3229-3429 Journal Article 2021 05 27 The cosmic censorship conjecture proposed by Penrose states that the singularity of a black hole is covered by the event horizon and is not naked. The first examples of violation of this conjecture are from the models of the spherical collapse of the perfect fluid black hole in the dust state. In this article, we examine an important class of LTB spherical dust collapse models in which there is a naked singularity. We will first show that the singularity of a black hole will be spacelike. We then show that the event horizon will be outside the singularity. We will also show that if the energy condition is met, the famous category of these models will not have a naked singularity. We will conclude that the strong cosmic censorship conjecture will be held The cosmic censorship conjecture proposed by Penrose states that the singularity of a black hole is covered by the event horizon and is not naked. The first examples of violation of this conjecture are from the models of the spherical collapse of the perfect fluid black hole in the dust state. In this article, we examine an important class of LTB spherical dust collapse models in which there is a naked singularity. We will first show that the singularity of a black hole will be spacelike. We then show that the event horizon will be outside the singularity. We will also show that if the energy condition is met, the famous category of these models will not have a naked singularity. We will conclude that the strong cosmic censorship conjecture will be held https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3264_f0eaf559f89ca17022783964ebe9cdfd.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Simulation of ionospheric heating in Iran coordinates with SAMI2 model ‎ Simulation of ionospheric heating in Iran coordinates with SAMI2 model ‎ 497 505 3265 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.41435 FA HamidReza Mirzaei Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0310-2390 Reza Asadnejad Physics and Energy Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran Hoda Mahdavi Plasma Technology Research Core, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Amir Mohammadiha Department of Marine and Atmospheric Science (Non-Biologic), University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Moslem Kazemi Physics and Energy Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran Journal Article 2022 04 03 In this paper the heating effects was investigated with SAMI2 model. An external Gaussian heating source was considered in electron temperature equation that models the radio frequency heating. The effects of the heating were investigated as a function of the heating period, intensity of the heating source, height of the heating center and different latitude of the heating in Iran coordinates.  Results of the simulations show that height of the heating and intensity of the source have main role in the distribution function of the electron density and temperature. This distribution in heating zone and conjugate point was shown. In early time of heating, by increasing the height, the electron temperature was increased dramatically. At low intensity of the heating source, the electron temperature wasn’t increased. However, the electron temperature was increased in heating zone after 30 minutes. Also, the heating distributes the electron density counter which represents the reduction of the electron density and the formation of the duct in heating zone and the growth of the electron density at conjugate point. The results show that at low latitude, electron temperature at heating zone and conjugate point was increased more. In this paper the heating effects was investigated with SAMI2 model. An external Gaussian heating source was considered in electron temperature equation that models the radio frequency heating. The effects of the heating were investigated as a function of the heating period, intensity of the heating source, height of the heating center and different latitude of the heating in Iran coordinates.  Results of the simulations show that height of the heating and intensity of the source have main role in the distribution function of the electron density and temperature. This distribution in heating zone and conjugate point was shown. In early time of heating, by increasing the height, the electron temperature was increased dramatically. At low intensity of the heating source, the electron temperature wasn’t increased. However, the electron temperature was increased in heating zone after 30 minutes. Also, the heating distributes the electron density counter which represents the reduction of the electron density and the formation of the duct in heating zone and the growth of the electron density at conjugate point. The results show that at low latitude, electron temperature at heating zone and conjugate point was increased more. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3265_f4334c131c781e2a6f0a5e34814c8147.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Dependency of the cosmographic tension of standard model to statistical errors of observational data ‎ Dependency of the cosmographic tension of standard model to statistical errors of observational data ‎ 507 516 3266 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.11351 FA Mohammad Malekjani Department of Physics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran 0000-0001-8846-7593 Saeed Pourojaghi Department of Physics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2021 11 15 In this work, we study the standard model of cosmology in the context of cosmographic approach. We want to determine whether the cosmographic tension of the standard model that is reported in recent studies, depends on the statistical errors of the observational data or not. To do this, we produce three catalogues of mock data for the distance modulus of type Ia supernovae using a canonical value for matter density in the framework of standard model. In the first catalogue, the errors of mock data have been chosen equal to the errors of real data in Pantheon catalogue. In the second and third catalogues, the errors of mock data have been chosen equal to half and twice the real errors in Pantheon sample, respectively. In the next step, using the generated mock data, we minimize the least square function in the context of Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and put constraints on the cosmographic parameters in both model independent cosmographic approach and standard model. Our results show that decreasing the error of mock data can remove the cosmographic tension of the standard model. Also, the larger errors increase the deviation of standard model from cosmographic method. Hence, the cosmographic tension of the standard model which is recently reported by the Hubble diagrams of quasars and Gamma-Ray-Burst can be essentially due to large error bars of these observational data and so not a physical tension.<br />  In this work, we study the standard model of cosmology in the context of cosmographic approach. We want to determine whether the cosmographic tension of the standard model that is reported in recent studies, depends on the statistical errors of the observational data or not. To do this, we produce three catalogues of mock data for the distance modulus of type Ia supernovae using a canonical value for matter density in the framework of standard model. In the first catalogue, the errors of mock data have been chosen equal to the errors of real data in Pantheon catalogue. In the second and third catalogues, the errors of mock data have been chosen equal to half and twice the real errors in Pantheon sample, respectively. In the next step, using the generated mock data, we minimize the least square function in the context of Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and put constraints on the cosmographic parameters in both model independent cosmographic approach and standard model. Our results show that decreasing the error of mock data can remove the cosmographic tension of the standard model. Also, the larger errors increase the deviation of standard model from cosmographic method. Hence, the cosmographic tension of the standard model which is recently reported by the Hubble diagrams of quasars and Gamma-Ray-Burst can be essentially due to large error bars of these observational data and so not a physical tension.<br />  https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3266_ac73001b1d44f4925449ce09d9f5d5ca.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Dynamical phase diagram of Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model Dynamical phase diagram of Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model 517 524 3267 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.11394 FA Jalil Naji Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Rohollah Jafari Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran and School of Physics, Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM), P.O. Box 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0904-0538 Journal Article 2022 01 13 In this paper, we have studied the dynamical phase diagram of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model using the notion of dynamical quantum phase transition in the ramped quench case. We have shown that, when the quench crosses both the critical points of the model, the phase diagram of the model includes two regions with dynamical quantum phase transition and no dynamical quantum phase transition. We have shown that if the sweep velocity is smaller than the critical value, the system shows dynamical quantum phase transition. If the quench crosses the single critical point, the system always shows the dynamical quantum phase transition In this paper, we have studied the dynamical phase diagram of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model using the notion of dynamical quantum phase transition in the ramped quench case. We have shown that, when the quench crosses both the critical points of the model, the phase diagram of the model includes two regions with dynamical quantum phase transition and no dynamical quantum phase transition. We have shown that if the sweep velocity is smaller than the critical value, the system shows dynamical quantum phase transition. If the quench crosses the single critical point, the system always shows the dynamical quantum phase transition https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3267_073b00ab99487b74b63c9a6d2b962ddc.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Simulation of state transfer from atom to cavity radiation in atom-photon interaction in large detuning Simulation of state transfer from atom to cavity radiation in atom-photon interaction in large detuning 525 538 3268 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.31434 FA Mahmoud Sadeghi Department of Physics, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran 0000-0002-1971-9600 Maryam Nosrati Department of Physics, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 27 In this research, atom-cavity entanglement in closed Jaynes – Cumming model has been used with the assumption of large detuning between atom and cavity, to simulate the state transfer from atom to cavity radiation. A two-level atom which is prepared in a half-half superposition between the ground and excited states, has been exposed to initially coherent radiation field which is far from resonance with the atom. Mixture of each subsystem, linear entropy, entanglement, Von Neumann entropy and Schmidt decomposition of composite system as a function of time, has been determined analytically, for the first time. Assuming large frequency differences between atom and radiation, the simulation is shown no energy is transferred between atom and radiation due to large detuning, even though atom-radiation entanglement took place. Also, it has been shown that a particular measurement on the atom in this composite entangled system, can project the composite system into a separable (non-entangled) state so that the radiation state is changed into a superposition of the coherent state which is called the cat state. The conditions required to transfer radiation into odd and even cat states have been particularly investigated. In this research, atom-cavity entanglement in closed Jaynes – Cumming model has been used with the assumption of large detuning between atom and cavity, to simulate the state transfer from atom to cavity radiation. A two-level atom which is prepared in a half-half superposition between the ground and excited states, has been exposed to initially coherent radiation field which is far from resonance with the atom. Mixture of each subsystem, linear entropy, entanglement, Von Neumann entropy and Schmidt decomposition of composite system as a function of time, has been determined analytically, for the first time. Assuming large frequency differences between atom and radiation, the simulation is shown no energy is transferred between atom and radiation due to large detuning, even though atom-radiation entanglement took place. Also, it has been shown that a particular measurement on the atom in this composite entangled system, can project the composite system into a separable (non-entangled) state so that the radiation state is changed into a superposition of the coherent state which is called the cat state. The conditions required to transfer radiation into odd and even cat states have been particularly investigated. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3268_a4d92e2cd541fca87e4620aba658316d.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Variational approach to controlling dynamics of open quantum systems Variational approach to controlling dynamics of open quantum systems 539 553 3269 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.11391 FA Ali Rezakhani Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8598-8315 Vahid Rezvani Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran and Department of Engineering, Hashtgerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 13 Control of quantum dynamics with high fidelity in the presence of noise is one of the requirements of quantum technologies. Here we develop a variational control approach for open quantum systems which is completely based on dynamics (process matrix) and is independent of initial conditions. We obtain a set of equations for optimal control of an open quantum system. We solve these equations iteratively for the particular case of simulating a dynamics in a preset time. Control of quantum dynamics with high fidelity in the presence of noise is one of the requirements of quantum technologies. Here we develop a variational control approach for open quantum systems which is completely based on dynamics (process matrix) and is independent of initial conditions. We obtain a set of equations for optimal control of an open quantum system. We solve these equations iteratively for the particular case of simulating a dynamics in a preset time. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3269_c91e3483cf4f90057d02aa492d2b25b1.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Investigation of electromagnetic plasma waves in the process of formation and growth of plasmoid instability in solar corona in two regimes ωce> Investigation of electromagnetic plasma waves in the process of formation and growth of plasmoid instability in solar corona in two regimes ωce> 555 564 3270 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.51452 FA Mahdi Shahraki Pour Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-8393-0152 Mahboub Hosseinpour Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-8296-6981 Journal Article 2022 05 09 Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of collisionless plasmoid instability, the waves generated during formation and growth of plasmoids are investigated. Magnetic reconnection is recognized as a fundamental phenomenon in the conversion of magnetic energy into heating energy and  particles acceleration in space and astrophysical plasmas. In this phenomenon stored magnetic energy abruptly released in form of violent plasma jets and non-thermal particles acceleration and relativistic particle acceleration. In large systems such as solar systems that the length of the  current layer is much greater than its thickness ,current sheets are affected by complex photospheric motion or external disturbances such as the eruption motion of magnetic structures. This violent plasma instability results in the breakup, fragmentation and formation of multiple current sheets. Therefore reconnection happens at several X points and magnetic islands or plasmids appear. Plasmoid chains are highly dynamic configurations and can fastly grow by coalescence bounce and repel smaller plasmoids. Understanding of the effects of charged particles on the earth's atmosphere depends on a better understanding of the plasmoid instability that we have addressed an aspect of it in this article. The acceleration of charged particles toward the earth's atmosphere is one of the most important consequences of magnetic reconnection and the formation of plasmids in the solar corona as well as in magnetopause and in the magnetotail. The study of electric field components, which are the most important factor of particle acceleration, is very important in recognizing these charged particles. Fourier analysis of electric field components shows different types of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves during the formation and growth of plasmoid instability in both states ω_ce> ω_pe and ω_ce< ω_pe. This analysis reveals that two electromagnetic right and left-hand polarized modes and whistler wave parallel to the initial magnetic field and also the extraordinary mode, ordinary mode and magnetosonic wave perpendicular to the current sheet are excited<strong>.</strong> Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of collisionless plasmoid instability, the waves generated during formation and growth of plasmoids are investigated. Magnetic reconnection is recognized as a fundamental phenomenon in the conversion of magnetic energy into heating energy and  particles acceleration in space and astrophysical plasmas. In this phenomenon stored magnetic energy abruptly released in form of violent plasma jets and non-thermal particles acceleration and relativistic particle acceleration. In large systems such as solar systems that the length of the  current layer is much greater than its thickness ,current sheets are affected by complex photospheric motion or external disturbances such as the eruption motion of magnetic structures. This violent plasma instability results in the breakup, fragmentation and formation of multiple current sheets. Therefore reconnection happens at several X points and magnetic islands or plasmids appear. Plasmoid chains are highly dynamic configurations and can fastly grow by coalescence bounce and repel smaller plasmoids. Understanding of the effects of charged particles on the earth's atmosphere depends on a better understanding of the plasmoid instability that we have addressed an aspect of it in this article. The acceleration of charged particles toward the earth's atmosphere is one of the most important consequences of magnetic reconnection and the formation of plasmids in the solar corona as well as in magnetopause and in the magnetotail. The study of electric field components, which are the most important factor of particle acceleration, is very important in recognizing these charged particles. Fourier analysis of electric field components shows different types of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves during the formation and growth of plasmoid instability in both states ω_ce> ω_pe and ω_ce< ω_pe. This analysis reveals that two electromagnetic right and left-hand polarized modes and whistler wave parallel to the initial magnetic field and also the extraordinary mode, ordinary mode and magnetosonic wave perpendicular to the current sheet are excited<strong>.</strong> https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3270_3f7bcd0b3ea822683bba8fc530f151bd.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Investigation of the interaction of 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug connected to the pristine, titanium doped boron phosphide nanocage (B12P12) with adenine nucleobases: by density functional theory Investigation of the interaction of 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug connected to the pristine, titanium doped boron phosphide nanocage (B12P12) with adenine nucleobases: by density functional theory 565 584 3271 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.01341 FA M Rezaei Sameti Department of Applied chemistry, Faculty of Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Atefeh Rezaei Department of Applied chemistry, Faculty of Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 30 The aims of this work, is to investigate the adsorption of 5-Fluorouracil drug connected to the pristine, Titanium doped boron phosphide nanocage (B₁₂P₁₂) with adenine nucleobases by using density functional theory (DFT). For this means at the first step, we considered different configurations for adsorbing (5-FU) on the surface of nanocluster and adenine, and then all considered models are optimized at the WB97XD/Lanl2DZ level of theory by Gaussian (09) software. From optimized structures, geometrical parameters involve bond length and bond angle, thermodynamic, atom in molecule (AIM), reduced density gradient (RDG), Uv-visible spectrum, HOMO-LUMO orbitals, density of states (DOS), and quantum parameters are calculated and all results are analyzed. The calculated results reveal that in the Ti doped B₁₂P₁₂ nano cage, the gap energy and global hardness of system decrease significantly, and so the conductivity and reactivity of system increase from original state. This property is favorable for making sensitive sensor for this drug. The adsorption energy and enthalpy values for all studied models are negative, which indicate that the absorption process and their thermodynamic stability are favorable. The RDG and AIM results confirm that the adsorption of 5-FU drug connected to the nanocage with adenine is non-covalent type. The computational results demonstrate that the pristine and Ti–doped B₁₂P₁₂ can be used as a suitable candidate for fabricating detector and absorber for 5-FU drug. The aims of this work, is to investigate the adsorption of 5-Fluorouracil drug connected to the pristine, Titanium doped boron phosphide nanocage (B₁₂P₁₂) with adenine nucleobases by using density functional theory (DFT). For this means at the first step, we considered different configurations for adsorbing (5-FU) on the surface of nanocluster and adenine, and then all considered models are optimized at the WB97XD/Lanl2DZ level of theory by Gaussian (09) software. From optimized structures, geometrical parameters involve bond length and bond angle, thermodynamic, atom in molecule (AIM), reduced density gradient (RDG), Uv-visible spectrum, HOMO-LUMO orbitals, density of states (DOS), and quantum parameters are calculated and all results are analyzed. The calculated results reveal that in the Ti doped B₁₂P₁₂ nano cage, the gap energy and global hardness of system decrease significantly, and so the conductivity and reactivity of system increase from original state. This property is favorable for making sensitive sensor for this drug. The adsorption energy and enthalpy values for all studied models are negative, which indicate that the absorption process and their thermodynamic stability are favorable. The RDG and AIM results confirm that the adsorption of 5-FU drug connected to the nanocage with adenine is non-covalent type. The computational results demonstrate that the pristine and Ti–doped B₁₂P₁₂ can be used as a suitable candidate for fabricating detector and absorber for 5-FU drug. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3271_bfbb56bee68d99affaa64f189045d5f2.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Investigation of statistical correlation of negative parity energy levels in Tm nucleus with A=170 Investigation of statistical correlation of negative parity energy levels in Tm nucleus with A=170 585 593 3272 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.01331 FA Tohid Khatoni Department of Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Payame Noor, Tehran, Iran Hadi Sabri Department of Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 15   In this paper, the statistical properties of 1^- to 7^- negative parity levels in the ¹⁷⁰Tm nucleus are considered with emphasis on the nearest neighbor spacing distribution in the framework of random matrix theory. The latest available experimental data for different negative parity energy levels in the E≤  3000 keV region are used to classifiy in different sequences and are analysed. The Berry – Robnik distribution function and the least square extraction method have been used to determine the parameter of distribution function in considered sequences. The results  show the adaptation of the statistical behavior of all considered negative parity levels with the Wigner distribution function and therefore, the statistical correlation of such levels. Also, the strong correlations are yield for the sequences prepared by levels with odd spin values while the 2^- levels show a weak correlation and a Poisson-like behavior. The dependence of the statistical behavior of the negative parity levels to the energy was investigated which suggests the maximum correlation in the 1300  <E < 2100 keV energy region.   In this paper, the statistical properties of 1^- to 7^- negative parity levels in the ¹⁷⁰Tm nucleus are considered with emphasis on the nearest neighbor spacing distribution in the framework of random matrix theory. The latest available experimental data for different negative parity energy levels in the E≤  3000 keV region are used to classifiy in different sequences and are analysed. The Berry – Robnik distribution function and the least square extraction method have been used to determine the parameter of distribution function in considered sequences. The results  show the adaptation of the statistical behavior of all considered negative parity levels with the Wigner distribution function and therefore, the statistical correlation of such levels. Also, the strong correlations are yield for the sequences prepared by levels with odd spin values while the 2^- levels show a weak correlation and a Poisson-like behavior. The dependence of the statistical behavior of the negative parity levels to the energy was investigated which suggests the maximum correlation in the 1300  <E < 2100 keV energy region. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3272_79514e888b8f2acacc68738d0cbb803e.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 22 2 2022 08 23 Investigation of electron acceleration in vacuum by a radially polarized laser pulse in the presence of helical wiggler field and axial magnetic field guiding Investigation of electron acceleration in vacuum by a radially polarized laser pulse in the presence of helical wiggler field and axial magnetic field guiding 595 602 3273 10.47176/ijpr.22.2.21412 FA M Asri Department of physics, Gonbad Kavous university, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Journal Article 2022 02 09 In this paper, electron acceleration by a radially polarized laser pulse in the presence of helical wiggler magnetic field and axial magnetic field has been studied. The governing equations on electron dynamics in the presence of these electric and magnetic fields were solved by the fourth order Runge-Kuta method. The effect of axial magnetic field and electron injection angle on energy gained by the electron was investigated. Numerical studies have shown that the final energy of an electron depends on the value of the magnetic field and the injection angle. It was seen that by applying a magnetic field of about 0.2 and the injection angle of about 11 degrees, the electron can gain final energy of about 3.8 GeV, which is 40 percent more than the case of zero degrees injection angle and the absence of external magnetic field. In this paper, electron acceleration by a radially polarized laser pulse in the presence of helical wiggler magnetic field and axial magnetic field has been studied. The governing equations on electron dynamics in the presence of these electric and magnetic fields were solved by the fourth order Runge-Kuta method. The effect of axial magnetic field and electron injection angle on energy gained by the electron was investigated. Numerical studies have shown that the final energy of an electron depends on the value of the magnetic field and the injection angle. It was seen that by applying a magnetic field of about 0.2 and the injection angle of about 11 degrees, the electron can gain final energy of about 3.8 GeV, which is 40 percent more than the case of zero degrees injection angle and the absence of external magnetic field. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3273_9c8661befae6dbcd08304dbf4dcaf0db.pdf