The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Artificial Intelligence: conscious utilization Artificial Intelligence: conscious utilization 3560 FA Reza Asgari Editor-in-Chief Journal Article 2025 01 01 https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3560_0ae1dd3954ee840075de1395771b6c9c.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Quantum properties of nondegenerate three-level laser coupled vacuum reservoir Quantum properties of nondegenerate three-level laser coupled vacuum reservoir 29 38 3561 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.21416 FA Menisha Alemu Department of Physics, Wolkite University P. O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia 0000-0003-2419-0294 Journal Article 2022 02 14 In this paper, we have studied the squeezing and statistical properties of the light produced by a three-level laser whose cavity contains a parametric amplifier, and with the cavity mode driven by coherent light and coupled to a vacuum reservoir. We obtain stochastic differential equations associated with the normal ordering using the pertinent master equation. By making use of the solutions to the resulting differential equations, we calculate the quadrature variances. We also determine the mean and variance of the photon number for the cavity mode by employing the Q function. It is found that the parametric amplifier increases the degree of squeezing, while the driving coherent light does not have any effect on the squeezing. Moreover, the mean photon number increases considerably due to the driving coherent light and the parametric amplifier. In this paper, we have studied the squeezing and statistical properties of the light produced by a three-level laser whose cavity contains a parametric amplifier, and with the cavity mode driven by coherent light and coupled to a vacuum reservoir. We obtain stochastic differential equations associated with the normal ordering using the pertinent master equation. By making use of the solutions to the resulting differential equations, we calculate the quadrature variances. We also determine the mean and variance of the photon number for the cavity mode by employing the Q function. It is found that the parametric amplifier increases the degree of squeezing, while the driving coherent light does not have any effect on the squeezing. Moreover, the mean photon number increases considerably due to the driving coherent light and the parametric amplifier. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3561_414a7497190eaef6b5d75d5a6a11afcf.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Review of the measurements and results of the Coma cluster dark mass Review of the measurements and results of the Coma cluster dark mass 39 44 3533 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.91755 FA Malalay Ramazanoghly Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0006-4977-3874 Ahmad Shariati Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8090-9905 Journal Article 2023 09 19 We have examined data from 852 Coma cluster galaxies from three different catalogs and grouped them according to their velocity and magnitude in two fields to survey the core (Coma1) and the periphery (i.e. southwest of the core and centered on NGC4839; Coma3). We have identified a group of these galaxies that appear to be a dense cluster (main cluster) of 545 galaxies (430 in Coma1 and 115 in Coma3) at a distance of 104 Mpc. Furthermore, we have calculated their kinetic energy (10⁵⁴±6J) and potential energy (10⁵⁴±0.7J) using observational data. Then we calculated the total mass (10⁴⁵±0.3kg) using luminosity and from the virial theorem, we obtained the virial mass (10⁴⁷±0.4  kg), that the virial mass was greater than the total mass of the galaxies in the cluster. These galaxies cover the range of 12.7 < R < 22.7, which corresponds to, −22.5 < M_R < −12.5 (H = 67.4 ± 0.5 km s^-1 Mpc^-1) and the velocity of this set is in this range (1000 km s^-1 < v < 10000 km s^-1). Our sample is 95% complete in redshift up to a magnitude b_26.5 = 18.0 mag. We have examined data from 852 Coma cluster galaxies from three different catalogs and grouped them according to their velocity and magnitude in two fields to survey the core (Coma1) and the periphery (i.e. southwest of the core and centered on NGC4839; Coma3). We have identified a group of these galaxies that appear to be a dense cluster (main cluster) of 545 galaxies (430 in Coma1 and 115 in Coma3) at a distance of 104 Mpc. Furthermore, we have calculated their kinetic energy (10⁵⁴±6J) and potential energy (10⁵⁴±0.7J) using observational data. Then we calculated the total mass (10⁴⁵±0.3kg) using luminosity and from the virial theorem, we obtained the virial mass (10⁴⁷±0.4  kg), that the virial mass was greater than the total mass of the galaxies in the cluster. These galaxies cover the range of 12.7 < R < 22.7, which corresponds to, −22.5 < M_R < −12.5 (H = 67.4 ± 0.5 km s^-1 Mpc^-1) and the velocity of this set is in this range (1000 km s^-1 < v < 10000 km s^-1). Our sample is 95% complete in redshift up to a magnitude b_26.5 = 18.0 mag. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3533_5a9d8bf5b7a4b35f3110dde8673bdda2.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Influence of dysprosium cation on structural and magnetic properties‌ of thin films nickel-cobalt ferrite: using spray pyrolysis method Influence of dysprosium cation on structural and magnetic properties‌ of thin films nickel-cobalt ferrite: using spray pyrolysis method 45 51 3534 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.11791 FA Jalil Khobzade Physics Departement, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Abolghasem Avazpour Physics Departement, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0001-7650-7105 Ali Modaberasl Physics Departement, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Alireza Nikzad Physics Departement, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 20 In this study, nickel-cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared using spray pyrolysis. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used to examine the structural and magnetic properties of the obtained samples. In addition, the size, dispersion, and morphology of the particles on the surface of the glass substrate were observed and analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM). The amount of dysprosium cation contamination was x=0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 1.0. All the peaks identified in the diffraction patterns of the samples were in good agreement with the reference card, and the Miller indices were indexed. FTIR spectra were obtained in the wavenumber range of 400-2000 cm^-1. The hysteresis loops are symmetric, and an increasing or decreasing trend of the parameters can be observed. This shows the high purity of the prepared samples without any distorted phases. In this study, the amount of magnetization (Ms) decreased, whereas an increasing trend was observed for the coercivity (Hc). The prepared magnetic nanoparticles have many applications in ferrofluids, color imaging, magnetic cooling, drug delivery, detoxification of biological fluids, and magnetic cell separation. In addition, they can be used in miniaturized inductive electric sensors, inductors, high-frequency equipment, and biotechnological applications. In this study, nickel-cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared using spray pyrolysis. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used to examine the structural and magnetic properties of the obtained samples. In addition, the size, dispersion, and morphology of the particles on the surface of the glass substrate were observed and analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM). The amount of dysprosium cation contamination was x=0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 1.0. All the peaks identified in the diffraction patterns of the samples were in good agreement with the reference card, and the Miller indices were indexed. FTIR spectra were obtained in the wavenumber range of 400-2000 cm^-1. The hysteresis loops are symmetric, and an increasing or decreasing trend of the parameters can be observed. This shows the high purity of the prepared samples without any distorted phases. In this study, the amount of magnetization (Ms) decreased, whereas an increasing trend was observed for the coercivity (Hc). The prepared magnetic nanoparticles have many applications in ferrofluids, color imaging, magnetic cooling, drug delivery, detoxification of biological fluids, and magnetic cell separation. In addition, they can be used in miniaturized inductive electric sensors, inductors, high-frequency equipment, and biotechnological applications. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3534_aa97d584861474f4097cf13ccb5325da.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Simulating the interactions between the produced neutrons from piezoelectric rocks and the surrounding medium during earthquakes Simulating the interactions between the produced neutrons from piezoelectric rocks and the surrounding medium during earthquakes 53 60 3535 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.11823 FA Abouzar Bahari Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Saeed Mohammadi Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-7706-9856 Journal Article 2024 01 15 Many studies have shown that during earthquakes (EQs), the fracturing of piezoelectric rocks like granite causes atomic/ nuclear particles' radiation into the Earth’s crust. With the help of an MCNPX simulation code, we have already studied the amount and energies of created atomic/ nuclear particles and the possible interactions for under-stressed piezoelectric blocks. In this research, applying the PACE4 code, we simulated the interactions between the created neutrons from under-stressed piezoelectric rocks and the elements of granite plus the elements of fractures’ filling fluids like water, air, methane, and CO₂, to study the mechanism of such reactions and find which new elements might be produced. The results indicate that compound nuclear reactions like fusion/ fission/ inelastic scattering can happen, resulting in the release of energy from the depths of the Earth in the aseismic regions. Furthermore, compound nuclear interactions from the piezoelectric effect can generate carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) in the granitic rocks’ medium or inside the fracture-filling fluids and trigger the life chain and/or the hydrocarbon chain (oil and gas), inside the Earth’s crust of the aseismic regions. It can also result in the production of CO₂ gas. Moreover, in this process, some new elements like Al, Mg, etc., might also be produced in the texture of granitic rocks. In addition, we have found that the increasing amount of nuclear particles and radioactive elements on the surface could be a sign of an incoming earthquake.  Besides, neutron capturing might happen between neutrons and the hydrogen nuclei of the underground water, causing the production of deuterium. As a result, an increase in the amount of stable deuterium in the water around the aseismic regions can be a precursor of earthquakes. Many studies have shown that during earthquakes (EQs), the fracturing of piezoelectric rocks like granite causes atomic/ nuclear particles' radiation into the Earth’s crust. With the help of an MCNPX simulation code, we have already studied the amount and energies of created atomic/ nuclear particles and the possible interactions for under-stressed piezoelectric blocks. In this research, applying the PACE4 code, we simulated the interactions between the created neutrons from under-stressed piezoelectric rocks and the elements of granite plus the elements of fractures’ filling fluids like water, air, methane, and CO₂, to study the mechanism of such reactions and find which new elements might be produced. The results indicate that compound nuclear reactions like fusion/ fission/ inelastic scattering can happen, resulting in the release of energy from the depths of the Earth in the aseismic regions. Furthermore, compound nuclear interactions from the piezoelectric effect can generate carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) in the granitic rocks’ medium or inside the fracture-filling fluids and trigger the life chain and/or the hydrocarbon chain (oil and gas), inside the Earth’s crust of the aseismic regions. It can also result in the production of CO₂ gas. Moreover, in this process, some new elements like Al, Mg, etc., might also be produced in the texture of granitic rocks. In addition, we have found that the increasing amount of nuclear particles and radioactive elements on the surface could be a sign of an incoming earthquake.  Besides, neutron capturing might happen between neutrons and the hydrogen nuclei of the underground water, causing the production of deuterium. As a result, an increase in the amount of stable deuterium in the water around the aseismic regions can be a precursor of earthquakes. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3535_b99d193b66a6542917d2b7bee52c2574.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Measurement of nonlinear optical coefficients of zinc cobalt ferrite using the z-scan technique with variable intensity Measurement of nonlinear optical coefficients of zinc cobalt ferrite using the z-scan technique with variable intensity 61 67 3537 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.21853 FA Forouzan Habibi Department of Physics, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran Mohammad Moradi -Department of Physics, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran - Photonic Research Group, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran Negar Davoodian Department of Physics, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 27 In this study, cobalt zinc ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized with the formula Co_x-1Zn_xFe₂O₄ using a Co-precipitation method, varying x values. A green laser was utilized as the excitation source to measure the nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient at three different intensities. The z-scan method was employed for both closed and open apertures at room temperature. The findings indicate that as the initial laser intensity increases, the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient decrease. Additionally, an increase in concentration at a specific intensity results in a limited appearance of nonlinear properties. Furthermore, an increase in the linear absorption coefficient corresponds to an increase in these nonlinear coefficients. This nanostructure proves valuable for night sensing applications due to its negative refractive index under strong nonlinearity. In this context, the spinel model of the nanostructure holds promising potential for 6G communication applications. In this study, cobalt zinc ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized with the formula Co_x-1Zn_xFe₂O₄ using a Co-precipitation method, varying x values. A green laser was utilized as the excitation source to measure the nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient at three different intensities. The z-scan method was employed for both closed and open apertures at room temperature. The findings indicate that as the initial laser intensity increases, the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient decrease. Additionally, an increase in concentration at a specific intensity results in a limited appearance of nonlinear properties. Furthermore, an increase in the linear absorption coefficient corresponds to an increase in these nonlinear coefficients. This nanostructure proves valuable for night sensing applications due to its negative refractive index under strong nonlinearity. In this context, the spinel model of the nanostructure holds promising potential for 6G communication applications. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3537_416849da96fb73bee793e2bf65ae43ac.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Simulation the effects of temperature and magnetic field on the density of surface states in semiconductor heterostructures Simulation the effects of temperature and magnetic field on the density of surface states in semiconductor heterostructures 69 74 3536 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.21845 FA Ulugbek Erkaboev Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, 160115, Namangan, Uzbekistan 0000-0002-6841-8214 Nosir Sharibaev Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, 160115, Namangan, Uzbekistan 0000-0002-6417-9973 Muzaffar Dadamirzaev 1. Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, 160115, Namangan, Uzbekistan 2..Namangan Engineering-Construction Institute, 160103, Namangan, Uzbekistan 0009-0003-4190-4612 Rustamjon Rakhimov Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, 160115, Namangan, Uzbekistan 0000-0003-0850-1398 Journal Article 2024 02 09 In this article, the physical properties of the surface of the CdS/Si(p) material under the influence of a magnetic field were studied . The dependence of the density of surface states of the p-type Si(p) semiconductor on the magnetic field and temperature has been studied. For the first time, a mathematical model has been developed to determine the temperature dependence of the density of surface states of a semiconductor under the influence of a strong magnetic field. Mathematical modeling of the processes was carried out using experimental values of the continuous energy spectrum of the density of surface states, obtained at various low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, whithin the band gap of silicon. The possibility of calculating discrete energy levels is demonstrated. In this article, the physical properties of the surface of the CdS/Si(p) material under the influence of a magnetic field were studied . The dependence of the density of surface states of the p-type Si(p) semiconductor on the magnetic field and temperature has been studied. For the first time, a mathematical model has been developed to determine the temperature dependence of the density of surface states of a semiconductor under the influence of a strong magnetic field. Mathematical modeling of the processes was carried out using experimental values of the continuous energy spectrum of the density of surface states, obtained at various low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, whithin the band gap of silicon. The possibility of calculating discrete energy levels is demonstrated. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3536_291d43c696d8c3704cdbe0a72ade5f6c.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Investigation of refractive index and group velocity of metal coated dielectric spherical nanocomposites within both passive and active dielectric cores Investigation of refractive index and group velocity of metal coated dielectric spherical nanocomposites within both passive and active dielectric cores 75 87 3541 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.51890 FA Shewa Getachew Department of Physics, Wolkite University, P. O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia 0009-0005-8265-0115 Journal Article 2024 05 02 This research paper focuses on studying how light behaves in metal-coated dielectric spherical nanocomposites. It investigates different types of light propagation, such as slow, backward, and fast lights. The paper examines the theoretical aspects of these phenomena in composite materials, specifically when spherical nanoinclusions are embedded in either active or passive dielectric cores, or when dielectric-coated metal spherical nanoinclusions are embedded in active or passive dielectric shells. Furthermore, the paper explores the optical properties of the composites at resonant frequencies and explores potential applications of systems that exhibit anomalous dispersion. The numerical observations in the paper discuss the occurrence of slow, backward, and superluminal light pulses in metal-coated dielectric and dielectric-coated metal nanocomposites with spherical nanoinclusions. Additionally, the paper suggests that incorporating gain layers with a negative dielectric function can improve the optical properties of the composite material. This research paper focuses on studying how light behaves in metal-coated dielectric spherical nanocomposites. It investigates different types of light propagation, such as slow, backward, and fast lights. The paper examines the theoretical aspects of these phenomena in composite materials, specifically when spherical nanoinclusions are embedded in either active or passive dielectric cores, or when dielectric-coated metal spherical nanoinclusions are embedded in active or passive dielectric shells. Furthermore, the paper explores the optical properties of the composites at resonant frequencies and explores potential applications of systems that exhibit anomalous dispersion. The numerical observations in the paper discuss the occurrence of slow, backward, and superluminal light pulses in metal-coated dielectric and dielectric-coated metal nanocomposites with spherical nanoinclusions. Additionally, the paper suggests that incorporating gain layers with a negative dielectric function can improve the optical properties of the composite material. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3541_c5f5c23be1b71adb51ea9dc8e9d444a8.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Insight into the electronic and elastic properties of Li-rich- antiperovskite Li3OCl under hydrostatic pressures Insight into the electronic and elastic properties of Li-rich- antiperovskite Li3OCl under hydrostatic pressures 89 93 3540 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.41885 FA Fethi Redjem Laboratoire d’étude et développement des Matériaux Semi-conducteur et Diélectriques (LEDMaScD), Université Amar Telidji , Bp37G 03000 Laghouat ,Algerie Kouider Souleh Laboratoire d’étude et développement des Matériaux Semi-conducteur et Diélectriques (LEDMaScD), Université Amar Telidji , Bp37G 03000 Laghouat ,Algerie Brahim Lagoun Laboratoire physique des materiaux (LPM), Université Amar Telidji , Bp37G 03000 Laghouat ,Algerie. H Mebarki Laboratoire de matériaux pour Application et Valorisation des Enérgies Renouvelables (LMAVER), Université Amar Telidji , Bp37G 03000 Laghouat ,Algerie. H Lidjici Laboratoire de matériaux pour Application et Valorisation des Enérgies Renouvelables (LMAVER), Université Amar Telidji , Bp37G 03000 Laghouat ,Algerie. Journal Article 2024 04 20 Ab initio calculations were employed to examine the structural, elastic, and electrical properties of Li₃OCl, a cubic antiperovskite compound, under varying pressures. The calculations were performed using first principles density functional theory based on the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method as implemented in a Wien2k package. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof Generalized Gradient Approximation (PBE-GGA) was used as an exchange and correlation potential to investigate equilibrium structural parameters, energy band structure, density of states, and elastic characteristics for the Li₃OCl compound. We computed the Young modulus, Poisson ratio, and elastic anisotropy factor for this compound using elastic parameters. It is concluded that the material is mechanically stable according to the Born stability criteria and behaves in a brittle manner, referring to Pugh's index. Our results show that the predicted structural parameter values at 0 GPa are consistent with previous studies. Additionally, it has been found that the material exhibits a transition phase under a pressure of 1 GPa. Ab initio calculations were employed to examine the structural, elastic, and electrical properties of Li₃OCl, a cubic antiperovskite compound, under varying pressures. The calculations were performed using first principles density functional theory based on the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method as implemented in a Wien2k package. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof Generalized Gradient Approximation (PBE-GGA) was used as an exchange and correlation potential to investigate equilibrium structural parameters, energy band structure, density of states, and elastic characteristics for the Li₃OCl compound. We computed the Young modulus, Poisson ratio, and elastic anisotropy factor for this compound using elastic parameters. It is concluded that the material is mechanically stable according to the Born stability criteria and behaves in a brittle manner, referring to Pugh's index. Our results show that the predicted structural parameter values at 0 GPa are consistent with previous studies. Additionally, it has been found that the material exhibits a transition phase under a pressure of 1 GPa. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3540_8844c5f00372df2c3c4ee857c2451b45.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 A matrix form solution of the multi-dimensional generalized Langevin equation in the quadratic potential A matrix form solution of the multi-dimensional generalized Langevin equation in the quadratic potential 95 97 3544 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.41887 FA Rana Imran Mushtaq Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025,China 0009-0002-5050-5499 Chunyang Wang -Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025,China -Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, China Shichao Zhi Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025,China Zengxuan Zhao Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025,China Jeolous Nyasulu Malamula Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025,China Journal Article 2024 04 22 In this research paper, we present an exact matrix form analytical solution of the multi-dimensional generalized Langevin equation with quadratic potentials. Our investigation provides detailed expressions for the two-dimensional probability distribution and extends the understanding of the dynamics governed by harmonic potentials. By utilizing the inverse Laplace transformation, we offer a precise method to solve these equations, corroborated by specific examples. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of stochastic processes in multi-dimensional systems with harmonic potentials and clarifies the limitations of our approach. While the findings are specific to quadratic potentials, they provide a robust framework for exploring related phenomena within this context. In this research paper, we present an exact matrix form analytical solution of the multi-dimensional generalized Langevin equation with quadratic potentials. Our investigation provides detailed expressions for the two-dimensional probability distribution and extends the understanding of the dynamics governed by harmonic potentials. By utilizing the inverse Laplace transformation, we offer a precise method to solve these equations, corroborated by specific examples. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of stochastic processes in multi-dimensional systems with harmonic potentials and clarifies the limitations of our approach. While the findings are specific to quadratic potentials, they provide a robust framework for exploring related phenomena within this context. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3544_147ebe637038ca50a1265abac8dea181.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Proton-boron-11 fusion under effect of the temperature turbulence Proton-boron-11 fusion under effect of the temperature turbulence 99 109 3542 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.71937 FA Fatemeh Khodadadi Azadboni Department of Physics Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0896-7358 Mohammad Mahdavi Physics Department, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47415-416, Babolsar, Iran Elham Khademlo Physics Department, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47415-416, Babolsar, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 12 The temperature turbulence generated by the ponderomotive force of the high-power laser can significantly modify P-11B fusion reactivity. The results of this study have shown that higher temperature turbulence leads to an increased requirement for the confinement parameter in P-11B fuel. As a result, achieving ignition necessitates greater driver energy and a longer development time. Additionally, a 50% reduction in the temperature turbulence parameter yields a substantial 71% decrease in the confinement parameter, accompanied by a 21% increase in the maximum fusion energy fraction. When the temperature turbulence exceeds a value of 10, the bremsstrahlung surpasses the fusion power, making ignition unattainable. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining temperature turbulence below 1 to approach the ignition conditions required for P-11B fuel. The temperature turbulence generated by the ponderomotive force of the high-power laser can significantly modify P-11B fusion reactivity. The results of this study have shown that higher temperature turbulence leads to an increased requirement for the confinement parameter in P-11B fuel. As a result, achieving ignition necessitates greater driver energy and a longer development time. Additionally, a 50% reduction in the temperature turbulence parameter yields a substantial 71% decrease in the confinement parameter, accompanied by a 21% increase in the maximum fusion energy fraction. When the temperature turbulence exceeds a value of 10, the bremsstrahlung surpasses the fusion power, making ignition unattainable. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining temperature turbulence below 1 to approach the ignition conditions required for P-11B fuel. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3542_8487e01fbaf43e758c17f86472cbf3e6.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Modeling electric image in weakly electric fish using electrical impedance tomography Modeling electric image in weakly electric fish using electrical impedance tomography 111 116 3543 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.81944 FA Alaleh Ghasemi Kaliji Department of Physics, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran Hossein Mehri-Dehnavi Department of Physics, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran Reza Khanbabaie, Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of British Columbia, Canada Journal Article 2024 08 01 In this study, the electrical image of electric fish is modeled via electrical impedance tomography (EIT) using EIDORS, which is a toolkit in MATLAB. The modeling consists of three steps: (1) an 80 cm tank containing water similar to seawater, (2) a fish modeled with 10 electrodes arranged like a fish body, and (3) 1 mA current flow through an electrode and generating an electric dipole field for modeling the field around the fish. To explore the electric image, five important variables in object detection including object distance, position, conductivity, size, and object symmetry and orientation are examined. In general, the analysis of the model indicates that changing each of the variables has an effect on the electrical image. This modeling is able to distinguish between different objects and produce a specific electrical image for each specific object. In this study, the electrical image of electric fish is modeled via electrical impedance tomography (EIT) using EIDORS, which is a toolkit in MATLAB. The modeling consists of three steps: (1) an 80 cm tank containing water similar to seawater, (2) a fish modeled with 10 electrodes arranged like a fish body, and (3) 1 mA current flow through an electrode and generating an electric dipole field for modeling the field around the fish. To explore the electric image, five important variables in object detection including object distance, position, conductivity, size, and object symmetry and orientation are examined. In general, the analysis of the model indicates that changing each of the variables has an effect on the electrical image. This modeling is able to distinguish between different objects and produce a specific electrical image for each specific object. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3543_196f5641aa9dc87067da4ff90fd81e7b.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Space weather disturbances and their geoeffectiveness during solar cycle 23 and 24 Space weather disturbances and their geoeffectiveness during solar cycle 23 and 24 117 133 3562 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.31863 FA Sham Singh Chandigarh Engineering College-CGC, Landran, Mohali-140307 India 0000-0003-4045-7841 Journal Article 2024 03 06 We present the findings of a study of the sequence of solar activity that eventually resulted in 80 large geomagnetic storms (distinguished by minimum Dst -100nT to -200nT), 11 super geomagnetic storms (Dst -200nT to -300nT), and 6 super great geomagnetic storms (Dst -300nT) that occurred between 1996 and 2012. Large storms were discovered to be mostly caused by solar flares (M- and X-class), while corotating interaction region (CIR) was also a significant contributor to several of these storms. During the peak and declining phases of solar cycle 23, all extremely powerful storms were observed (2000-2004). It has been noted that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flares were always related with super and super tremendous storms (100%). M-class and X-class flares frequently accompany superstorms associated to CMEs. It is observed that 66.6% (4/6) super great geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ -300nT) were associated with CMEs and solar flares. The number of storms related to X-class flares or CMEs were 50% (3/6). X-class flare/CMEs are found to be responsible for super geomagnetic storms. We present the findings of a study of the sequence of solar activity that eventually resulted in 80 large geomagnetic storms (distinguished by minimum Dst -100nT to -200nT), 11 super geomagnetic storms (Dst -200nT to -300nT), and 6 super great geomagnetic storms (Dst -300nT) that occurred between 1996 and 2012. Large storms were discovered to be mostly caused by solar flares (M- and X-class), while corotating interaction region (CIR) was also a significant contributor to several of these storms. During the peak and declining phases of solar cycle 23, all extremely powerful storms were observed (2000-2004). It has been noted that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flares were always related with super and super tremendous storms (100%). M-class and X-class flares frequently accompany superstorms associated to CMEs. It is observed that 66.6% (4/6) super great geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ -300nT) were associated with CMEs and solar flares. The number of storms related to X-class flares or CMEs were 50% (3/6). X-class flare/CMEs are found to be responsible for super geomagnetic storms. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3562_ebf12cb74e96e67e63783d93c534ef27.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Design and performance analysis of heterojunction dual wire gate all around nanosheet field effect transistor Design and performance analysis of heterojunction dual wire gate all around nanosheet field effect transistor 135 145 3538 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.31862 FA Reza Abbasnezhad Department of Electrical Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran 0000-0002-6767-1381 Hassan Rasooli Saghai Department of Electrical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Reza Hosseini Department of Electrical Engineering, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Aliasghar Sedghi Department of Physics, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran. Ali Vahedi Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-7210-1052 Journal Article 2024 03 05 In this paper, we introduce a new variation of the Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (GAA NS FET) called the Dual Wire (DW), which integrates source heterojunctions and strained channels. We assess its electrical properties across different temperatures (300K, 400K, and 500K) and compare them to those of the Heterojunction DW Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET) and the Conventional DW Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (Conventional DW GAA NS FET). Our investigation encompasses the electrostatic control effects on DC and analog parameters, including gate capacitance ( ), transconductance ( ), and cut-off frequency ( ) for all three device types. The channel regions in our structures feature Silicon Germanium (SiGe) (Si/Ge/Si), and the introduction of strain and a heterojunction structure notably enhances device performance. To analyze the semiconductor device accurately, we solve the Density Gradient (DG) equation self-consistently, utilizing the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) equation to estimate carrier generation, considering bandgap narrowing in transport behavior, and accounting for auger recombination. Additionally, at temperatures of 300K, 400K, and 500K, the Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET exhibits substantial improvement in  and  compared to the Conventional DW GAA NS FET. Overall, our results show a notable improvement in drain current, transconductance, and unity-gain frequency, with enhancements of around 34%, 9.5%, and 30%, respectively, observed across different temperatures. This improvement translates into superior RF performance for the Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET when compared to the conventional DW GAA NS FET. In this paper, we introduce a new variation of the Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (GAA NS FET) called the Dual Wire (DW), which integrates source heterojunctions and strained channels. We assess its electrical properties across different temperatures (300K, 400K, and 500K) and compare them to those of the Heterojunction DW Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET) and the Conventional DW Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (Conventional DW GAA NS FET). Our investigation encompasses the electrostatic control effects on DC and analog parameters, including gate capacitance ( ), transconductance ( ), and cut-off frequency ( ) for all three device types. The channel regions in our structures feature Silicon Germanium (SiGe) (Si/Ge/Si), and the introduction of strain and a heterojunction structure notably enhances device performance. To analyze the semiconductor device accurately, we solve the Density Gradient (DG) equation self-consistently, utilizing the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) equation to estimate carrier generation, considering bandgap narrowing in transport behavior, and accounting for auger recombination. Additionally, at temperatures of 300K, 400K, and 500K, the Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET exhibits substantial improvement in  and  compared to the Conventional DW GAA NS FET. Overall, our results show a notable improvement in drain current, transconductance, and unity-gain frequency, with enhancements of around 34%, 9.5%, and 30%, respectively, observed across different temperatures. This improvement translates into superior RF performance for the Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET when compared to the conventional DW GAA NS FET. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3538_1458e7509aa5f47ecfb92536e7dd1dc7.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Investigating the lateral distribution distortions of air showers‎ at different observation levels Investigating the lateral distribution distortions of air showers‎ at different observation levels 147 151 3566 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.81956 FA Sozha Sohaily Department of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 0000-0003-2434-4986 Saeed Doostmohammadi Department of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 0000-0001-9616-0428 Negin Sadeghi Nejad Department of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Vaziri Department of Physics, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 16 The comprehension of the basic properties of ultrahigh energy Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is affected by the description of hadronic interactions beyond the LHC energy range. Diffractive interactions with a 20 – 30 percent occurrence probability of all inelastic hadronic collisions lead to high elasticity and large transverse momentum. These interactions are expected to modify the lateral shower development, as well as the measurable observable of the longitudinal profile. This study provides a new approach exploring the impact of diffractive hadronic interactions on lateral development patterns by investigating the fluctuations of simulated lateral distributions. In particular, this research interprets the influence of the observation level and primary energy on fluctuations of lateral electron density. Eventually, an optimized observation level with the maximum fluctuation is introduced as the most probable level to see unconventional EAS. The comprehension of the basic properties of ultrahigh energy Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is affected by the description of hadronic interactions beyond the LHC energy range. Diffractive interactions with a 20 – 30 percent occurrence probability of all inelastic hadronic collisions lead to high elasticity and large transverse momentum. These interactions are expected to modify the lateral shower development, as well as the measurable observable of the longitudinal profile. This study provides a new approach exploring the impact of diffractive hadronic interactions on lateral development patterns by investigating the fluctuations of simulated lateral distributions. In particular, this research interprets the influence of the observation level and primary energy on fluctuations of lateral electron density. Eventually, an optimized observation level with the maximum fluctuation is introduced as the most probable level to see unconventional EAS. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3566_6346dc723395e1ee8ef57f4883be4cb4.pdf

The Physics Society of Iran Iranian Journal of Physics Research 1682-6957 24 3 2024 11 21 Ionoluminescence investigation of ambient humidity effects on CsI:Na scintillator crystal Ionoluminescence investigation of ambient humidity effects on CsI:Na scintillator crystal 153 158 3567 10.47176/ijpr.24.3.71931 FA Tahereh Nikbakht Physics & Accelerators Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), 14395-836, Tehran, Iran Heidar Faripour Photonics and Quantum Technology Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), 14395-836, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 07 Effects of ambient humidity on the ionoluminescence spectra of synthesized CsI:Na crystals were investigated for a time period of more than 500 days. Regarding the typical penetration depth of the applied ion beams in the ionoluminescence technique, it is suitable for investigating the humidity effects which are detectable at the outer surface of the scintillators. Three luminescence bands were observed for the samples, including CsI intrinsic luminescence and Na related bands, at ~ 310, 420 and 487 nm. It is shown that the relative intensity of the Na-related band, located at ~ 420 nm, significantly decreases over exposition time to humidity and exhibits considerable redshift. Since this band is the dominant one for detection purposes, its alteration leads to a decrease in the efficiency of CsI:Na scintillator. It was also observed that the relative intensity of this band for the sample which was grown in presence of trivial amount of humidity in the crucible, was initially much weaker and reacted less to the ambient humidity. The results of the present work demonstrate the capabilities of ionoluminescence as a suitable technique for scintillators’ characterization. Effects of ambient humidity on the ionoluminescence spectra of synthesized CsI:Na crystals were investigated for a time period of more than 500 days. Regarding the typical penetration depth of the applied ion beams in the ionoluminescence technique, it is suitable for investigating the humidity effects which are detectable at the outer surface of the scintillators. Three luminescence bands were observed for the samples, including CsI intrinsic luminescence and Na related bands, at ~ 310, 420 and 487 nm. It is shown that the relative intensity of the Na-related band, located at ~ 420 nm, significantly decreases over exposition time to humidity and exhibits considerable redshift. Since this band is the dominant one for detection purposes, its alteration leads to a decrease in the efficiency of CsI:Na scintillator. It was also observed that the relative intensity of this band for the sample which was grown in presence of trivial amount of humidity in the crucible, was initially much weaker and reacted less to the ambient humidity. The results of the present work demonstrate the capabilities of ionoluminescence as a suitable technique for scintillators’ characterization. https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3567_dccab9bd9e0b69c49302025efdf19702.pdf