Authors
Abstract
In recent years, many physics departments have turned from pure physics into applied physics so that physics is no longer taught as a major in undergraduate or graduate studies without any specific application. This is due to the physics solutions brought for researchers in different disciplines, and that is for the analytical skills of physicists. From the first differential equation developed by Hodgkin and Huxley for action potential of neurons in brain and nervous system, to suggestion of nanotechnology by Richard Feynman are all fundamental solutions introduced by fundamental sciences, especially physics, to industries, health sciences, and researchers in various fields. In this review paper we try to introduce the position of Neurophysics as a sub-branch of biophysics to physics students and researchers so that we can elaborate the importance of engaging with the international community and training of students of physics according to the day applications. We start with an introduction of central nervous system from the perspective of physics, and then explain the fundamental laws and equations of neurophysics. At the end we will finish with an introductory level of the physical science behind learning and memory.
Keywords
1. H Stapp, “Physics in Neuroscience”, John Benjamins Poblishing Co. (2003).
2. W James, “The Principles of Psychology”, Wiley (1890).
3. N Bohr, “On Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge”, Chapman & Hall (1958).
4. J M Schwartz, H P Stapp, M Beauregard, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360 (2005) 1309.
5. S Hagen, S Hameroff, and J Tuszynski, Phys. Rev. E 65 (2002) 061901.
6. H. P Stapp, “Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics”, World Scientific (1990) 403.
7. H P Stapp, “Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics”, Springer-Verlag (2003).
8. J von Neumann, “Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory”, Princeton University Press (1955).
9. M Bresadola, Brain Research Bulletin 46, 5 (1998) 367.
10. D Johnston, S Miao-Sin Wu, “Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology”, MIT Press (1997).
11. D JAidley, “The Physiology of Excitable Cells”, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press (1989).
12. D Noble, Physiol. Rev. 46 (1966) 1.
13. A L Hodgkin and A F Huxley, J. Physiol. 116 (1952) 449.
14. A L Hodgkin, and A F Huxley, J. Physiol. 116 (1952) 473.
15. A LHodgkin. and A FHuxley, J. Physiol. 116 (1952) 497.
16. A L Hodgkin and A F Huxley, J. Physiol. 117 (1952) 500.
17. P B Graben, “Foundations of Neurophysics”, Springer (2008).
18. B Sakmann and E Neher, “Single Channel Recording”, Plenum Press (1983).
19. E Neher and B Sakmann, Nature 260 (1976) 779.
20. R E Fisher, R Gray and D Johnston, J. Neuro physiol. 64 (1990)91.
21. B Katz, “Muscle and Synapse”, McGraw-Hill (1966).
22. E T Rolls, “Models of Brain Function”, Cambridge University Press (1989).
23. E T Rolls, “The Computing Neuron”, Addison-Wesley (1989).
24. H Luksch, R Khanbabaie,R Wessel, Nature Neuroscience 7, 4 (2004) 380.
25. P S Churchland and T J Sejnowski, “The Computational Brain”, МГГ Press (1992).
26. O Bergmann et al., Neuron 74 (2012) 634.
27. P Rakic, Nature Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 65.
28. D J Aidley, “The Physiology of Excitable Cells”, 3rdEdition, Cambridge University Press (1989).
29. D L Jewett and M D Rayner, “Basic Concepts of Neuronal Function”, Little, Brown and Company (1984).
30. J G Nicholls, A R Martin and B G Wallace, “From Neuron to Brain”, 3rdEdition, Sinauer (1992).
31. H C Tuckwell, “Introduction to Theoretical Neurobiology”, Cambridge University Press (1988).
32. T H Brown,A M Zador, Z F Mainen, and B J Claiborne, “Hebbian Computationsin Hippocampal Dendrites and Spines”, Academic Press (1992).
33. C Koch,A Zador and T H Brown, Science 256 (1992) 973.
34. J A Connor and C F Stevens, J. Physiol. 213 (1971) 1.
35. J A Connor and C F Stevens, J. Physiol. 213 (1971) 21.
36. A P Fox, M C Nowycky, and R W Tsien, J. Physiol. 394 (1987b) 173.
37. W A Catterall, Physiol. Rev. 72 (1992) 515.
38. D Purves, et al., “Neuroscience”, 5th Edition Sinauer Associates Inc. (2012).
39. K S Cole, “Membranes, Ions and Impulses: A Chapter of Classical Biophysics”, University of California Press (1968).
40. R Khanbabaie, W H Nesse, A Longtin andL Maler, J. Neurophysiol. 103 (2010) 3337.
41. A M Zador, “Biophysics of Computation in Single Hippocampal Neurons”, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University (1992).
42. L Cohen, H P Hopp, J Y Wu and C Xiao, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 51 (1989) 527.
43. J W Woodbury, “Physiology and Biophysics”, Saunders (1965).
44. J Crank, “The Mathematics of Diffusion”, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press (1975).
45. A Einstein, “Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement”, Dover Publications Inc. (1956).
46. H G Ferreira and M W Marshall, “The Biophysical Basis of Excitability”, Cambridge University Press (1985).
47. J D Jackson, “Classical Electrodynamics”, Wiley (1962).
48. D E Goldman, J. Gen. Physiol. 27 (1943) 37.
49. A L Hodgkin and B Katz, J. Physiol. 108 (1949) 37.
50. H C Tuckwell, “Introduction to Theoretical Neurobiology”, Vol. I, Cambridge University Press (1988).
51. W Rail, “Handbook of Physiology”. Sec. 1, Am. Physiol. Soc. (1977).
52. B Hille, J. Gen. Physiol. 66 (1975) 535.
53. G Wulfram, W M Kistler, R Naud and L Paninski, “Neuronal Dynamics: From Single Neurons to Networks and Models of Cognition”, Cambridge University Press (2014).
54. N Tsoulfanidis and SLandsberger, “Measurement and Detection of Radiation”, CRC Press (2010).
55. R Ranjan et al., Front. In Neuroinform, 5 (2011) 36.
56. M Toledo-Rodriguez et al., Cerebral Cortex 14 (2004) 1310.
57. H Korn and D S Faber, “Synaptic Function”, Wiley (1987).
58. G D Pappas and P D Purpura, “Structure and Function of Synapses”, Raven Press (1972).
59. L I Zhang, H W Tao, C E Holt, W A Harris and M M Poo, Nature 395 (1998) 37.
60. J E Zengel and K L Magleby, J. Gen. Physiol. 77 (1981) 503.
61. N A Hessler, A M Shirke and R Malinow, Nature 366 (1993) 569.
62. L W Swanson, T J Teyler and R F Thompson, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 20 (1982) 613.
63. G Mongillo, O Barak and M Tsodyks, Science 319 (2008) 1543.
64. T V P Bliss and G L Collingridge, Nature 361 (1993) 31.
65. M J Chacron, A Longtin, M St-Hilaire and L Maler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 1576.
66. R C Froemke, M M Merzenich and C E Schreiner, Nature 450 (2007) 425.
67. D O Hebb, “Organization of Behavior”, Wiley (1949).
68. T J Sejnowski and G Tesauro, “Neural Models of Plasticity”, Academic Press (1989).
69. A Zador, C Koch, and T H Brown, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87 (1990) 6718.
70. T Kohonen, IEEE Trans. Comp. C 21 (1972) 353.
71. P Cisek, T Drew, and J Kalaska, “Theoretical Insights into Brain Function”, Elsevier Science, Vol. 165 (2007).
72. C J Shatz, Sci. Am. 267 (1992) 60.
73. R F Thompson, “The Brain”, 2nd Edition, W H Freeman and Company (1993).
74. B W Agranoff, “Encyclopedia of Life Sciences”, Wiley (2003).
75. J George, R W Albers, S T Brady and D L Price, “Basic Neurochemistry”, 7th Edition, Academic Press (2006).
76. A I Galushkin, V A Sudarikov and E V Shabanov, “Neuroinformatics and Neurocomputers”, RNNS/IEEE Symposium (1992).
77. “Neural Engineering”,
fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineering (2014).
78. R Betensky, “Training in Neurostatistics and Neuroepidemiology”, from
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/biostats/research/training_grants/neurostatistics (2014).
79. A P Georgopoulos and E Karageorgiou, Statist. Med. 27 (2008) 407.
80. “Neuro-Education Initiative”, (2014)
http://education.jhu.edu/research/nei.
81. Center for Neuroeconomics Study at Duke University, (2014) http://dibs.duke.edu/research/d-cides/research/neuroeconomics.
82. G Loewenstein, S Rick, and J Cohen, Annual Reviews 59 (2008) 647
83. Uma R Karmarkar, "Note on Neuromarketing", Harvard Business School (2011).
2. W James, “The Principles of Psychology”, Wiley (1890).
3. N Bohr, “On Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge”, Chapman & Hall (1958).
4. J M Schwartz, H P Stapp, M Beauregard, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360 (2005) 1309.
5. S Hagen, S Hameroff, and J Tuszynski, Phys. Rev. E 65 (2002) 061901.
6. H. P Stapp, “Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics”, World Scientific (1990) 403.
7. H P Stapp, “Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics”, Springer-Verlag (2003).
8. J von Neumann, “Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory”, Princeton University Press (1955).
9. M Bresadola, Brain Research Bulletin 46, 5 (1998) 367.
10. D Johnston, S Miao-Sin Wu, “Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology”, MIT Press (1997).
11. D JAidley, “The Physiology of Excitable Cells”, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press (1989).
12. D Noble, Physiol. Rev. 46 (1966) 1.
13. A L Hodgkin and A F Huxley, J. Physiol. 116 (1952) 449.
14. A L Hodgkin, and A F Huxley, J. Physiol. 116 (1952) 473.
15. A LHodgkin. and A FHuxley, J. Physiol. 116 (1952) 497.
16. A L Hodgkin and A F Huxley, J. Physiol. 117 (1952) 500.
17. P B Graben, “Foundations of Neurophysics”, Springer (2008).
18. B Sakmann and E Neher, “Single Channel Recording”, Plenum Press (1983).
19. E Neher and B Sakmann, Nature 260 (1976) 779.
20. R E Fisher, R Gray and D Johnston, J. Neuro physiol. 64 (1990)91.
21. B Katz, “Muscle and Synapse”, McGraw-Hill (1966).
22. E T Rolls, “Models of Brain Function”, Cambridge University Press (1989).
23. E T Rolls, “The Computing Neuron”, Addison-Wesley (1989).
24. H Luksch, R Khanbabaie,R Wessel, Nature Neuroscience 7, 4 (2004) 380.
25. P S Churchland and T J Sejnowski, “The Computational Brain”, МГГ Press (1992).
26. O Bergmann et al., Neuron 74 (2012) 634.
27. P Rakic, Nature Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 65.
28. D J Aidley, “The Physiology of Excitable Cells”, 3rdEdition, Cambridge University Press (1989).
29. D L Jewett and M D Rayner, “Basic Concepts of Neuronal Function”, Little, Brown and Company (1984).
30. J G Nicholls, A R Martin and B G Wallace, “From Neuron to Brain”, 3rdEdition, Sinauer (1992).
31. H C Tuckwell, “Introduction to Theoretical Neurobiology”, Cambridge University Press (1988).
32. T H Brown,A M Zador, Z F Mainen, and B J Claiborne, “Hebbian Computationsin Hippocampal Dendrites and Spines”, Academic Press (1992).
33. C Koch,A Zador and T H Brown, Science 256 (1992) 973.
34. J A Connor and C F Stevens, J. Physiol. 213 (1971) 1.
35. J A Connor and C F Stevens, J. Physiol. 213 (1971) 21.
36. A P Fox, M C Nowycky, and R W Tsien, J. Physiol. 394 (1987b) 173.
37. W A Catterall, Physiol. Rev. 72 (1992) 515.
38. D Purves, et al., “Neuroscience”, 5th Edition Sinauer Associates Inc. (2012).
39. K S Cole, “Membranes, Ions and Impulses: A Chapter of Classical Biophysics”, University of California Press (1968).
40. R Khanbabaie, W H Nesse, A Longtin andL Maler, J. Neurophysiol. 103 (2010) 3337.
41. A M Zador, “Biophysics of Computation in Single Hippocampal Neurons”, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University (1992).
42. L Cohen, H P Hopp, J Y Wu and C Xiao, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 51 (1989) 527.
43. J W Woodbury, “Physiology and Biophysics”, Saunders (1965).
44. J Crank, “The Mathematics of Diffusion”, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press (1975).
45. A Einstein, “Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement”, Dover Publications Inc. (1956).
46. H G Ferreira and M W Marshall, “The Biophysical Basis of Excitability”, Cambridge University Press (1985).
47. J D Jackson, “Classical Electrodynamics”, Wiley (1962).
48. D E Goldman, J. Gen. Physiol. 27 (1943) 37.
49. A L Hodgkin and B Katz, J. Physiol. 108 (1949) 37.
50. H C Tuckwell, “Introduction to Theoretical Neurobiology”, Vol. I, Cambridge University Press (1988).
51. W Rail, “Handbook of Physiology”. Sec. 1, Am. Physiol. Soc. (1977).
52. B Hille, J. Gen. Physiol. 66 (1975) 535.
53. G Wulfram, W M Kistler, R Naud and L Paninski, “Neuronal Dynamics: From Single Neurons to Networks and Models of Cognition”, Cambridge University Press (2014).
54. N Tsoulfanidis and SLandsberger, “Measurement and Detection of Radiation”, CRC Press (2010).
55. R Ranjan et al., Front. In Neuroinform, 5 (2011) 36.
56. M Toledo-Rodriguez et al., Cerebral Cortex 14 (2004) 1310.
57. H Korn and D S Faber, “Synaptic Function”, Wiley (1987).
58. G D Pappas and P D Purpura, “Structure and Function of Synapses”, Raven Press (1972).
59. L I Zhang, H W Tao, C E Holt, W A Harris and M M Poo, Nature 395 (1998) 37.
60. J E Zengel and K L Magleby, J. Gen. Physiol. 77 (1981) 503.
61. N A Hessler, A M Shirke and R Malinow, Nature 366 (1993) 569.
62. L W Swanson, T J Teyler and R F Thompson, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 20 (1982) 613.
63. G Mongillo, O Barak and M Tsodyks, Science 319 (2008) 1543.
64. T V P Bliss and G L Collingridge, Nature 361 (1993) 31.
65. M J Chacron, A Longtin, M St-Hilaire and L Maler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 1576.
66. R C Froemke, M M Merzenich and C E Schreiner, Nature 450 (2007) 425.
67. D O Hebb, “Organization of Behavior”, Wiley (1949).
68. T J Sejnowski and G Tesauro, “Neural Models of Plasticity”, Academic Press (1989).
69. A Zador, C Koch, and T H Brown, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87 (1990) 6718.
70. T Kohonen, IEEE Trans. Comp. C 21 (1972) 353.
71. P Cisek, T Drew, and J Kalaska, “Theoretical Insights into Brain Function”, Elsevier Science, Vol. 165 (2007).
72. C J Shatz, Sci. Am. 267 (1992) 60.
73. R F Thompson, “The Brain”, 2nd Edition, W H Freeman and Company (1993).
74. B W Agranoff, “Encyclopedia of Life Sciences”, Wiley (2003).
75. J George, R W Albers, S T Brady and D L Price, “Basic Neurochemistry”, 7th Edition, Academic Press (2006).
76. A I Galushkin, V A Sudarikov and E V Shabanov, “Neuroinformatics and Neurocomputers”, RNNS/IEEE Symposium (1992).
77. “Neural Engineering”,
fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineering (2014).
78. R Betensky, “Training in Neurostatistics and Neuroepidemiology”, from
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/biostats/research/training_grants/neurostatistics (2014).
79. A P Georgopoulos and E Karageorgiou, Statist. Med. 27 (2008) 407.
80. “Neuro-Education Initiative”, (2014)
http://education.jhu.edu/research/nei.
81. Center for Neuroeconomics Study at Duke University, (2014) http://dibs.duke.edu/research/d-cides/research/neuroeconomics.
82. G Loewenstein, S Rick, and J Cohen, Annual Reviews 59 (2008) 647
83. Uma R Karmarkar, "Note on Neuromarketing", Harvard Business School (2011).
)