Authors
Abstract
Nanomagnetism is a branch of nanotechnology, which studies the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Single-domain superparamagnetim, superferromagnetism and superspin glasses are different magnetic states which have been observed in a system of nanoparticles. Each of these magnetic states has unique features which determines the application range of magnetic nanoparticles assembly. Shell of nanoparticles is composed of canted spins while the core spins are almost regular. Study of nanoparticles system needs to explore and characterize several features, including different anisotropies, interactions between the particles, relaxation times, coercivity, remanent magnetization, saturation magnetization and etc. Researchers have made great efforts to characterize magnetic nanoparticles. Investigations in nanomagnetism field increases by developing the application range of nanoparticles in industry, medicine and daily life
Keywords
1. S Mansour and M Elkestawy, Ceram. Int., 37 (2011) 1175.
2. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and M H Ehsani, Ceram. Int., 42 (2016) 12789.
3. J Frenkel, J Dorfman, Nature 126 (1930 ) 274.
4. C Kittel, Physical Review, 70 (1946) 965.
5. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli, H Salamati, M Eshraghi and T Tahmasebi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 322 (2010) 2929.
6. E C Stoner and E P Wohlfarth, IEEE Trans. Magn., 27 (1947) 3475.
7. R C O'Handley, Wiley, New York, USA. (2000).
8. G C Hadjipanayis, G A Prinz, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Scientific Affairs Division, Plenum Press, New York (1991).
9. R D Gomez, T V Luu, A O Pak, K J Kirk and J N Chapman, J. Appl. Phys., 85 (1999) 6163.
10. H Koo, T V Luu, R D Gomez and V V Metlushko, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 5114.
11. W Wernsdorfer, K Hasselbach, D Mailly, B Barbara, A Benoit, L Thomas and G Suran, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 145 (1995) 33.
12. W Wernsdorfer, D Mailly and A Benoit, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 5094.
13. J I Martı́n, J Nogués, K Liu, J L Vicent and I K Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 256 (2003) 449.
14. S Singamaneni, V N Bliznyuk and C Binek, E Y Tsymbal, J. Mater. Chem., 21 (2011) 16819.
15. S Bedanta and W Kleemann, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 42 (2009) 013001.
16. A H Lu, E E Salabas and F Schüth, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46 (2007) 1222.
17. V I Nikolaev and A M Shipilin, Physics of the Solid State, 45 (2003) 1079.
18. B Sadeh, M Doi, T Shimizu and M Matsui, Journal-Magnetics Society of Japan, 24 (2000) 511.
19. P Kameli, Z Mosleh, M Ranjbar and H Salamati, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 14, 4 (2015) 341
20. E C Stoner and E P Wohlfarth, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 240 (1948) 599.
21. L Néel, Ann. Geophys. CNRS, 5 (1949) 99.
22. W F Brown, Jr. Physical Review, 130 (1963) 1677.
23. P Entel and D E Wolf, in, World Scientific, Singapore;305 (2000) 1.
24. B D Cullity, C D Graham, “Introduction to magnetic materials”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2009) pp. 364.
25. C P Bean, J. Appl. Phys., 26 (1955) 1381.
26. W T Coffey, D S F Crothers, J L Dormann, L J Geoghegan, Y P Kalmykov, J T Waldron and A W Wickstead, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 145 (1995) L263.
27. W T Coffey, D S F Crothers, J L Dormann, L J Geoghegan, Y P Kalmykov, J T Waldron and A W Wickstead, Phys. Rev. B, 52 (1995) 15951.
28. D L Leslie-Pelecky and R D Rieke, Chem. Mater., 8 (1996) 1770.
29. J W F Brown, J. Appl. Phys., 29 (1958) 470.
30. J W F Brown, J. Appl. Phys., 34 (1963) 1319.
31. J W F Brown, Physical Review, 130 (1963) 1677.
32. H Mamiya, I Nakatani and T Furubayashi, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82 (1999) 4332.
33. E P Wohlfarth, Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, 10 (1980) L241.
34. L E Wenger and J A Mydosh, Phys. Rev. B, 29 (1984) 4156.
35. R Chantrell, K O’Grady, R Gerber, C Wright and G Asti, Applied Magnetism, (1994).
36. M J Nasr Isfahani and V Sepelak, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 12, 3, (2012) 262
W F Brown, J. Appl. Phys., 30 (1959) S130.
38. F Wiekhorst, E Shevchenko, H Weller and J Kötzler, Phys. Rev. B, 67 (2003) 224416.
39. C P Bean and J D Livingston, J. Appl. Phys., 30 (1959) S120.
40. P Ghahramaninezhad, M Rezaei Roknabadi and M Behdani, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 15, 1 (2015) 105.
41. C Tannous and J Gieraltowski, European Journal of Physics, 29 (2008) 475.
42. M F Hansen and S Mørup, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 203 (1999) 214.
43. P Panissod, M Malinowska, E Jedryka, M Wojcik, S Nadolski, M Knobel and J E Schmidt, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2000) 014408.
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45. R Sappey, E Vincent, N Hadacek, F Chaput, J P Boilot, D Zins, Phys. Rev. B, 56 (1997) 14551.
46. J L Dormann, D Fiorani, E Tronc, “Advances in Chemical Physics”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2007), pp. 283.
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49. L Ji, R H Sohn, G C Spalding, C J Lobb and M Tinkham, Phys. Rev. B, 40 (1989) 10936.
50. B Aslibeiki, F Nasirzadeh and P Kameli, Procedia Materials Science, 11 (2015) 314.
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52. J M Vargas, A Srivastava, A Yourdkhani, L Zaldivar, G Caruntu and L Spinu, J. Appl. Phys., 110 (2011) 064304.
53. S E Aalaye, P Kameli, H Salamati and H Arabi, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 12, 4 (2013) 361
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57. V N Kondratyev and H O Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81 (1998) 4508.
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59. K Yosida, Physical Review, 106 (1957) 893.
60. T Kasuya, Prog. Theor. Phys., 16 (1956) 45.
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65. D G Rancourt, J M Daniels, Phys. Rev. B, 29 (1984) 2410.
66. W Kleemann, O Petracic, C Binek, G N Kakazei, Y G Pogorelov, J B Sousa, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2001) 134423.
67. J Hauschild, H J Elmers and U Gradmann, Phys. Rev. B, 57 (1998) R677.
68. J L Dormann, L Bessais and D Fiorani, Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 21 (1988) 2015.
69. B Aslibeiki, Ceram. Int., 42 (2016) 6413.
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72. Dai, J-Q Wang, C Sangregorio, J Fang, E Carpenter, J Tang, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 7397.
73. S Mørup, EPL., 28 (1994) 671.
74. P Politi, M G Pini, Phys. Rev. B, 66 (2002) 214414.
75. R Kretschmer, K Binder and Z Physik B, 34 (1979) 375.
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77. X Chen, S Bedanta, O Petracic, W Kleemann, S Sahoo, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 72 (2005) 214436.
78. O Henkel, Phys. Status Solidi B, 7 (1964) 919.
79. E P Wohlfarth, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 39 (1983) 39.
80. J Geshev, M Mikhov and J E Schmidt, J. Appl. Phys., 85 (1999) 7321.
81. J Garcia-Otero and M Porto, J Rivas, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 7376.
82. X Batlle and A Labarta, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 35 (2002) R15.
83. M Sasaki, P E Jönsson, H Takayama and H Mamiya, Phys. Rev. B, 71 (2005) 104405.
84. J A Mydosh, “Spin glasses: an experimental introduction”, Taylor & Francis, London (1993) pp 88.
85. J L Dormann, R Cherkaoui, L Spinu, M Noguès, F Lucari, F D'Orazio, D Fiorani, A Garcia, E Tronc and J P Jolivet, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 187 (1998) L139.
86. M Ulrich, J García-Otero, J Rivas and A Bunde, Phys. Rev. B, 67 (2003) 024416.
87. X Chen, O Sichelschmidt, W Kleemann, O Petracic, C Binek, J B Sousa, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 89 (2002) 137203.
88. S Bedanta, O Petracic, E Kentzinger, W Kleemann, U Rücker, A Paul, T Brückel, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 72 (2005) 024419.
89. J-O Andersson, T Jonsson and J Mattsson, Phys. Rev. B, 54 (1996) 9912.
90. S Laureti, G Varvaro, A M Testa, D Fiorani, E Agostinelli, G Piccaluga, A Musinu, A Ardu and D Peddis, Nanotechnology, 21 (2010) 315701.
91. H Zeng, J Li, J P Liu, Z L Wang and S Sun, Nature, 420 (2002) 395.
92. J Jakubowicz, M Giersig and J. Alloys Compd., 349 (2003) 311.
93. G C Hadjipanayis, J. Magn. Mater., 200 (1999) 373.
94. R Skomski, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 15 (2003) R841.
95. T Schrefl and J Fidler, J. Magn. Mater., 177 (1998) 970.
96. R Fischer and H Kronmüller, J. Magn. Mater., 184 (1998) 166.
97. R H Kodama, A E Berkowitz, J E J McNiff and S Foner, Phys. Rev. Lett., 77 (1996) 394.
98. R H Kodama, A E Berkowitz, J E J McNiff and S Foner, J. Appl. Phys., 81 (1997) 5552.
99. Ò Iglesias and A Labarta, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2001) 184416.
100. H Kachkachi, M Noguès, E Tronc and D A Garanin, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 221 (2000) 158.
101. P V Hendriksen, S Linderoth and P A Lindgård, Phys. Rev. B, 48 (1993) 7259.
102. F Liu, M R Press, S N Khanna and P Jena, Phys. Rev. B, 39 (1989) 6914.
103. B Aslibeiki, G Varvaro, D Peddis and P Kameli, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 422 (2017) 7.
104. B Aslibeiki, Curr. Appl. Phys., 14 (2014) 1659.
105. B Aslibeiki and P Kameli, J. Supercond. Novel Magn., 28 (2015) 3343.
106. J Sung Lee, J Myung Cha, H Young Yoon, J-K Lee and Y Keun Kim, Scientific Reports, 5 (2015) 12135.
107. B D Cullity, C D Graham, “Introduction to magnetic materials”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2009) pp. 302
2. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and M H Ehsani, Ceram. Int., 42 (2016) 12789.
3. J Frenkel, J Dorfman, Nature 126 (1930 ) 274.
4. C Kittel, Physical Review, 70 (1946) 965.
5. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli, H Salamati, M Eshraghi and T Tahmasebi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 322 (2010) 2929.
6. E C Stoner and E P Wohlfarth, IEEE Trans. Magn., 27 (1947) 3475.
7. R C O'Handley, Wiley, New York, USA. (2000).
8. G C Hadjipanayis, G A Prinz, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Scientific Affairs Division, Plenum Press, New York (1991).
9. R D Gomez, T V Luu, A O Pak, K J Kirk and J N Chapman, J. Appl. Phys., 85 (1999) 6163.
10. H Koo, T V Luu, R D Gomez and V V Metlushko, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 5114.
11. W Wernsdorfer, K Hasselbach, D Mailly, B Barbara, A Benoit, L Thomas and G Suran, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 145 (1995) 33.
12. W Wernsdorfer, D Mailly and A Benoit, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 5094.
13. J I Martı́n, J Nogués, K Liu, J L Vicent and I K Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 256 (2003) 449.
14. S Singamaneni, V N Bliznyuk and C Binek, E Y Tsymbal, J. Mater. Chem., 21 (2011) 16819.
15. S Bedanta and W Kleemann, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 42 (2009) 013001.
16. A H Lu, E E Salabas and F Schüth, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46 (2007) 1222.
17. V I Nikolaev and A M Shipilin, Physics of the Solid State, 45 (2003) 1079.
18. B Sadeh, M Doi, T Shimizu and M Matsui, Journal-Magnetics Society of Japan, 24 (2000) 511.
19. P Kameli, Z Mosleh, M Ranjbar and H Salamati, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 14, 4 (2015) 341
20. E C Stoner and E P Wohlfarth, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 240 (1948) 599.
21. L Néel, Ann. Geophys. CNRS, 5 (1949) 99.
22. W F Brown, Jr. Physical Review, 130 (1963) 1677.
23. P Entel and D E Wolf, in, World Scientific, Singapore;305 (2000) 1.
24. B D Cullity, C D Graham, “Introduction to magnetic materials”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2009) pp. 364.
25. C P Bean, J. Appl. Phys., 26 (1955) 1381.
26. W T Coffey, D S F Crothers, J L Dormann, L J Geoghegan, Y P Kalmykov, J T Waldron and A W Wickstead, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 145 (1995) L263.
27. W T Coffey, D S F Crothers, J L Dormann, L J Geoghegan, Y P Kalmykov, J T Waldron and A W Wickstead, Phys. Rev. B, 52 (1995) 15951.
28. D L Leslie-Pelecky and R D Rieke, Chem. Mater., 8 (1996) 1770.
29. J W F Brown, J. Appl. Phys., 29 (1958) 470.
30. J W F Brown, J. Appl. Phys., 34 (1963) 1319.
31. J W F Brown, Physical Review, 130 (1963) 1677.
32. H Mamiya, I Nakatani and T Furubayashi, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82 (1999) 4332.
33. E P Wohlfarth, Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, 10 (1980) L241.
34. L E Wenger and J A Mydosh, Phys. Rev. B, 29 (1984) 4156.
35. R Chantrell, K O’Grady, R Gerber, C Wright and G Asti, Applied Magnetism, (1994).
36. M J Nasr Isfahani and V Sepelak, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 12, 3, (2012) 262
W F Brown, J. Appl. Phys., 30 (1959) S130.
38. F Wiekhorst, E Shevchenko, H Weller and J Kötzler, Phys. Rev. B, 67 (2003) 224416.
39. C P Bean and J D Livingston, J. Appl. Phys., 30 (1959) S120.
40. P Ghahramaninezhad, M Rezaei Roknabadi and M Behdani, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 15, 1 (2015) 105.
41. C Tannous and J Gieraltowski, European Journal of Physics, 29 (2008) 475.
42. M F Hansen and S Mørup, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 203 (1999) 214.
43. P Panissod, M Malinowska, E Jedryka, M Wojcik, S Nadolski, M Knobel and J E Schmidt, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2000) 014408.
44. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli, M H Ehsani, H Salamati, G Muscas, E Agostinelli, V Foglietti, S Casciardi and D Peddis, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 399 (2016) 236.
45. R Sappey, E Vincent, N Hadacek, F Chaput, J P Boilot, D Zins, Phys. Rev. B, 56 (1997) 14551.
46. J L Dormann, D Fiorani, E Tronc, “Advances in Chemical Physics”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2007), pp. 283.
47. R Chantrell and E Wohlfarth, Phys. Status Solidi A, 91 (1985) 619.
48. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and H Salamati, J. Appl. Phys., 119 (2016) 063901.
49. L Ji, R H Sohn, G C Spalding, C J Lobb and M Tinkham, Phys. Rev. B, 40 (1989) 10936.
50. B Aslibeiki, F Nasirzadeh and P Kameli, Procedia Materials Science, 11 (2015) 314.
51. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and H Salamati, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 15 (2013) 1.
52. J M Vargas, A Srivastava, A Yourdkhani, L Zaldivar, G Caruntu and L Spinu, J. Appl. Phys., 110 (2011) 064304.
53. S E Aalaye, P Kameli, H Salamati and H Arabi, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 12, 4 (2013) 361
54. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and H Salamati, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 324 (2012) 154.
55. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and H Salamati, Solid State Commun., 149 (2009) 1274.
56. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli and H Salamati, Iranian Journal of Physics Research, 10, 1 (2010) 9
57. V N Kondratyev and H O Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81 (1998) 4508.
58. M R Scheinfein, K E Schmidt, K R Heim and G G Hembree, Phys. Rev. Lett., 76 (1996) 1541.
59. K Yosida, Physical Review, 106 (1957) 893.
60. T Kasuya, Prog. Theor. Phys., 16 (1956) 45.
61. M A Ruderman, C Kittel, Physical Review, 96 (1954) 99.
62. S Sahoo, O Petracic, W Kleemann, P Nordblad, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 67 (2003) 214422.
63. M Suzuki, S I Fullem, I S Suzuki, L Wang and C-J Zhong, Phys. Rev. B, 79 (2009) 024418.
64. S Mørup, M Bo Madsen, J Franck, J Villadsen and C J W Koch, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 40 (1983) 163.
65. D G Rancourt, J M Daniels, Phys. Rev. B, 29 (1984) 2410.
66. W Kleemann, O Petracic, C Binek, G N Kakazei, Y G Pogorelov, J B Sousa, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2001) 134423.
67. J Hauschild, H J Elmers and U Gradmann, Phys. Rev. B, 57 (1998) R677.
68. J L Dormann, L Bessais and D Fiorani, Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 21 (1988) 2015.
69. B Aslibeiki, Ceram. Int., 42 (2016) 6413.
70. B Aslibeiki and P Kameli, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 385 (2015) 308.
71. B Aslibeiki, P Kameli, I Manouchehri and H Salamati, Curr. Appl. Phys., 12 (2012) 812.
72. Dai, J-Q Wang, C Sangregorio, J Fang, E Carpenter, J Tang, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 7397.
73. S Mørup, EPL., 28 (1994) 671.
74. P Politi, M G Pini, Phys. Rev. B, 66 (2002) 214414.
75. R Kretschmer, K Binder and Z Physik B, 34 (1979) 375.
76. J L Dormann, F D'Orazio, F Lucari, E Tronc, P Prené, J P Jolivet, D Fiorani, R Cherkaoui and M Noguès, Phys. Rev. B, 53 (1996) 14291.
77. X Chen, S Bedanta, O Petracic, W Kleemann, S Sahoo, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 72 (2005) 214436.
78. O Henkel, Phys. Status Solidi B, 7 (1964) 919.
79. E P Wohlfarth, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 39 (1983) 39.
80. J Geshev, M Mikhov and J E Schmidt, J. Appl. Phys., 85 (1999) 7321.
81. J Garcia-Otero and M Porto, J Rivas, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (2000) 7376.
82. X Batlle and A Labarta, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 35 (2002) R15.
83. M Sasaki, P E Jönsson, H Takayama and H Mamiya, Phys. Rev. B, 71 (2005) 104405.
84. J A Mydosh, “Spin glasses: an experimental introduction”, Taylor & Francis, London (1993) pp 88.
85. J L Dormann, R Cherkaoui, L Spinu, M Noguès, F Lucari, F D'Orazio, D Fiorani, A Garcia, E Tronc and J P Jolivet, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 187 (1998) L139.
86. M Ulrich, J García-Otero, J Rivas and A Bunde, Phys. Rev. B, 67 (2003) 024416.
87. X Chen, O Sichelschmidt, W Kleemann, O Petracic, C Binek, J B Sousa, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 89 (2002) 137203.
88. S Bedanta, O Petracic, E Kentzinger, W Kleemann, U Rücker, A Paul, T Brückel, S Cardoso and P P Freitas, Phys. Rev. B, 72 (2005) 024419.
89. J-O Andersson, T Jonsson and J Mattsson, Phys. Rev. B, 54 (1996) 9912.
90. S Laureti, G Varvaro, A M Testa, D Fiorani, E Agostinelli, G Piccaluga, A Musinu, A Ardu and D Peddis, Nanotechnology, 21 (2010) 315701.
91. H Zeng, J Li, J P Liu, Z L Wang and S Sun, Nature, 420 (2002) 395.
92. J Jakubowicz, M Giersig and J. Alloys Compd., 349 (2003) 311.
93. G C Hadjipanayis, J. Magn. Mater., 200 (1999) 373.
94. R Skomski, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 15 (2003) R841.
95. T Schrefl and J Fidler, J. Magn. Mater., 177 (1998) 970.
96. R Fischer and H Kronmüller, J. Magn. Mater., 184 (1998) 166.
97. R H Kodama, A E Berkowitz, J E J McNiff and S Foner, Phys. Rev. Lett., 77 (1996) 394.
98. R H Kodama, A E Berkowitz, J E J McNiff and S Foner, J. Appl. Phys., 81 (1997) 5552.
99. Ò Iglesias and A Labarta, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2001) 184416.
100. H Kachkachi, M Noguès, E Tronc and D A Garanin, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 221 (2000) 158.
101. P V Hendriksen, S Linderoth and P A Lindgård, Phys. Rev. B, 48 (1993) 7259.
102. F Liu, M R Press, S N Khanna and P Jena, Phys. Rev. B, 39 (1989) 6914.
103. B Aslibeiki, G Varvaro, D Peddis and P Kameli, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 422 (2017) 7.
104. B Aslibeiki, Curr. Appl. Phys., 14 (2014) 1659.
105. B Aslibeiki and P Kameli, J. Supercond. Novel Magn., 28 (2015) 3343.
106. J Sung Lee, J Myung Cha, H Young Yoon, J-K Lee and Y Keun Kim, Scientific Reports, 5 (2015) 12135.
107. B D Cullity, C D Graham, “Introduction to magnetic materials”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2009) pp. 302
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